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data-v-66b47b62 data-v-66b47b62><div class="item" data-v-66b47b62><div class="indicator" data-v-66b47b62></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/article/%E6%B7%B1%E5%85%A5%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6.html" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-8dd200cc><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-66b47b62>深入理解浏览器缓存机制</p><!--]--><!----></a><div class="caret" role="button" data-v-66b47b62><!----></div></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-66b47b62><div class="item" data-v-66b47b62><div class="indicator" data-v-66b47b62></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/article/%E6%B7%B1%E5%85%A5%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86.html" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-8dd200cc><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-66b47b62>深入理解浏览器运行原理</p><!--]--><!----></a><div class="caret" role="button" data-v-66b47b62><!----></div></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="group" 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class="text" data-v-66b47b62>JavaScript基础</p><!--]--><!----></a><div class="caret" role="button" data-v-66b47b62><!----></div></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-66b47b62><div class="item" data-v-66b47b62><div class="indicator" data-v-66b47b62></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/note/CSS.html" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-8dd200cc><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-66b47b62>CSS基础</p><!--]--><!----></a><div class="caret" role="button" data-v-66b47b62><!----></div></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-66b47b62><div class="item" data-v-66b47b62><div class="indicator" data-v-66b47b62></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/note/JavaScriptEnhanced.html" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-8dd200cc><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-66b47b62>JavaScript进阶</p><!--]--><!----></a><div class="caret" role="button" data-v-66b47b62><!----></div></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link is-active has-active" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-66b47b62><div class="item" data-v-66b47b62><div class="indicator" data-v-66b47b62></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/note/Front-end%20Engineering.html" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-8dd200cc><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-66b47b62>前端工程化</p><!--]--><!----></a><div class="caret" role="button" data-v-66b47b62><!----></div></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-66b47b62><div class="item" data-v-66b47b62><div class="indicator" data-v-66b47b62></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/note/SSR.html" data-v-66b47b62 data-v-8dd200cc><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-66b47b62>服务端渲染</p><!--]--><!----></a><div class="caret" role="button" data-v-66b47b62><!----></div></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-3af881ed data-v-e31feb0e><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-e31feb0e data-v-30dabfe4><div class="container" data-v-30dabfe4><div class="aside" data-v-30dabfe4><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-30dabfe4></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-30dabfe4><div class="aside-content" data-v-30dabfe4><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-30dabfe4 data-v-7110f5c9><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><div class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-7110f5c9 data-v-9c6f1a55><div class="content" data-v-9c6f1a55><div class="outline-marker" data-v-9c6f1a55></div><div class="outline-title" data-v-9c6f1a55>On this page</div><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-9c6f1a55><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-9c6f1a55> Table of Contents for current page </span><ul class="root" data-v-9c6f1a55 data-v-02afc12d><!--[--><!--]--></ul></nav></div></div><!--[--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-7110f5c9></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-30dabfe4><div class="content-container" data-v-30dabfe4><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-30dabfe4><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _note_Front-end%20Engineering" data-v-30dabfe4><div><h1 id="前端工程化" tabindex="-1">前端工程化 <a class="header-anchor" href="#前端工程化" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h1><h2 id="node-js" tabindex="-1">Node.js <a class="header-anchor" href="#node-js" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><ul><li>什么是Node.JS Node的应用场景</li><li>JS代码执行</li><li>Node的输入和输出</li><li>Node的全局对象</li></ul><h3 id="什么是node-js" tabindex="-1">什么是Node.js <a class="header-anchor" href="#什么是node-js" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>Node.js是一个基于<strong>V8 JavaScript引擎</strong>的<strong>JavaScript运行时环境</strong></p><ul><li>V8可以嵌入到任何C++应用程序中，无论是Chrome还是Node.js，事实上都嵌入了V8引擎来执行JavaScript代码</li><li>在Chrome浏览器中，还需要解析、渲染HTML、CSS等相关渲染引擎，另外还需要支持浏览器操作的API、浏览器自己的事件循环</li><li>在Node.js中我们也需要进行一些额外操作：文件系统读写、网络IO、加密、压缩解压文件等</li></ul><p>可以简单总结出Node.js和浏览器的区别</p><ul><li><p>Chrome浏览器</p><ul><li><p>Blink负责解析HTML文档，遇到JavaScript标签时将内容交给V8引擎</p></li><li><blockquote><p>Blink 是 Google Chrome 浏览器的渲染引擎，V8 是 Blink 内置的 JavaScript 引擎</p></blockquote><ul><li>预分析：检查语法错误但不生成AST树</li><li>生成AST：语法分析、词法分析后，生成抽象语法树（AST） <ul><li>AST 为每一行代码定义键值对。初始类型标识符定义 AST 属于一个程序，然后所有代码行将定义在主体内部，主体是一个对象数组。</li></ul></li><li>生成字节码：基线编译器（Ignition）将 AST 转换为字节码</li><li>生成机器代码：优化编译器 (Turbofan) 将字节码转换为优化的机器代码。另外，在逐行执行字节码的过程中，<strong>如果一段代码经常被执行，V8会直接将这段代码转换并保存为机器码</strong>，下次执行不需要经过字节码，优化了执行速度</li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>Node.js</p><ul><li>只处理JavaScript代码 内部V8引擎负责JS代码的执行</li><li>JavaScript代码 -&gt; V8 -&gt; Node.js Bindings -&gt; LibUV</li><li>LibUV是使用<strong>C语言编写的库</strong>，提供了<strong>事件循环、文件系统读写、网络IO、线程池</strong>等等内容</li></ul></li></ul><p>![The Node.js System](Front-end Engineering.assets/The Node.js System.jpeg)</p><h3 id="node-js的应用场景" tabindex="-1">Node.js的应用场景 <a class="header-anchor" href="#node-js的应用场景" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><ul><li>前端开发的库都是以node包形式管理的</li><li>npm yarn pnpm成为前端开发使用最多的工具</li><li>使用Node.js作为Web服务器开发、中间件、代理服务器</li><li>借助Node.js完成前后端渲染的同构应用</li><li>编写脚本工具 构建项目 打包代码等</li><li>Electron桌面应用程序</li></ul><h3 id="node-js的参数传递" tabindex="-1">Node.js的参数传递 <a class="header-anchor" href="#node-js的参数传递" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><h4 id="process-argv" tabindex="-1"><code>process.argv</code> <a class="header-anchor" href="#process-argv" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p><code>process.argv</code>返回一个数组</p><ul><li>在代码中通过<code>process.argv[2]</code>读取来自命令行的额外参数</li><li><code>process.argv[0]</code> <code>process.argv[1]</code>分别为<code>node.exe</code>的绝对路径和<code>目标文件</code>的绝对路径</li></ul><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// sum.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> x </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> process</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">argv[</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> y </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> process</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">argv[</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">3</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(x </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">+</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> y)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 通过命令行运行node执行脚本 并传入参数</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">node</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">sum.js</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">5</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">10</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 15</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h4 id="console" tabindex="-1">console <a class="header-anchor" href="#console" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li><code>console.log</code> 打印内容到stdout并加上换行符</li><li><code>console.clear</code> 清空当前stdout中的内容</li><li><code>console.trace</code> 打印字符串<code>Trace: </code>到stderr <ul><li>将堆栈跟踪打印到代码中的当前位置</li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="repl" tabindex="-1">REPL <a class="header-anchor" href="#repl" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>在浏览器的控制台选项卡中，我们可以通过输入JS代码与之交互，在Node.js中同样提供了类似的功能</p><ul><li>REPL是Read-Eval-Print Loop的简称，翻译为：读取-求值-输出循环</li><li>REPL是一个<strong>简单的、交互式的编程环境</strong></li><li>在命令行窗口中输入<code>node</code>即可进入</li></ul><h3 id="node中的全局对象" tabindex="-1">Node中的全局对象 <a class="header-anchor" href="#node中的全局对象" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>在浏览器中，我们可以在JS代码中访问全局对象<code>window</code>，代表当前标签窗口</p><p>在Node.js中的全局对象名为<code>global</code>，在控制台输出<code>global</code>对象：</p><div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> global</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">ref </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">*</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> Object </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">global</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">global:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Circular </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">*</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">clearInterval:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Function: clearInterval</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">clearTimeout:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Function: clearTimeout</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">setInterval:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Function: setInterval</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">setTimeout:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Function: setTimeout</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Symbol(nodejs.util.promisify.custom)</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Getter</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">queueMicrotask:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Function: queueMicrotask</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">performance:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Performance</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">nodeTiming:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">PerformanceNodeTiming</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">name:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">node</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">entryType:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">node</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">startTime:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">duration:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2245.9675999991596</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">nodeStart:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1.7120999991893768</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">v8Start:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">7.749699998646975</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">bootstrapComplete:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">56.47019999846816</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">environment:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">28.44789999909699</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">loopStart:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">97.62589999847114</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">loopExit:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">-1,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">idleTime:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2070.0206</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> },</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">timeOrigin:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1675854922619.539</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> },</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">clearImmediate:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Function: clearImmediate</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">setImmediate:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Function: setImmediate</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Symbol(nodejs.util.promisify.custom)</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Getter</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> }</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br></div></div><h4 id="常见的全局对象" tabindex="-1">常见的全局对象 <a class="header-anchor" href="#常见的全局对象" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li><code>Buffer</code></li><li><code>clearImmediate</code></li><li><code>clearInterval</code></li><li><code>clearTimeout</code></li><li><code>console</code><ul><li>和控制台交互</li></ul></li><li><code>process</code><ul><li>提供了Node进程中相关的信息</li><li>Node的运行环境、系统环境变量、参数等</li></ul></li><li><code>queueMicrotask(callback)</code></li><li><code>setImmediate(callback, [, ...args])</code></li><li><code>setInterval(callback, delay[, ...args])</code></li><li><code>setTimeout(callback, delay[, ...args])</code></li><li><code>TextDecoder</code></li><li><code>TextEncoder</code></li><li><code>URL</code></li><li><code>URLSearchParams</code></li><li><code>WebAssembly</code></li></ul><h4 id="特殊的全局对象" tabindex="-1">特殊的全局对象 <a class="header-anchor" href="#特殊的全局对象" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p><code>__dirname</code> <code>__filename</code> <code>exports</code> <code>module</code> <code>require()</code></p><ul><li>这些变量看起来是全局的，其实并不是（它们仅存在于模块范围内），只是每个模块中都有</li><li>它们在命令行交互中是不可使用的</li><li><code>__dirname</code> 当前模块的目录名</li><li><code>__filename</code> 当前模块的文件名</li><li><code>exports</code> <code>module</code> <code>require()</code>将在模块章节中讲解</li></ul><h4 id="global对象" tabindex="-1"><code>global</code>对象 <a class="header-anchor" href="#global对象" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p><code>global</code>是一个全局对象</p><ul><li>在Node.js环境下，之前的 <code>process</code> <code>console</code> <code>setTimeout</code>等都有被放入到<code>global</code>中</li><li>而在浏览器中，这些全局API是被放到<code>window</code>对象上的</li></ul><p>这无异于增加了开发者的心智负担，所以在最新的ECMA标准中出现了<code>globalThis</code>，指向全局对象</p><ul><li>在浏览器中的<code>globalThis</code>指向<code>window</code>对象</li><li>在Node.js中的<code>globalThis</code>指向<code>global</code>对象</li></ul><p>两个全局对象的区别：在浏览器中通过<code>var</code>定义的变量会被放到<code>window</code>对象上，而Node.js不会</p><h2 id="模块化开发" tabindex="-1">模块化开发 <a class="header-anchor" href="#模块化开发" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><ul><li>认识模块化开发</li><li>CommonJS和Node</li><li>require函数解析</li><li>AMD和CMD（已经被时代淘汰 了解即可）</li><li>ESModule用法详解</li><li>ESModule运行原理</li></ul><h3 id="模块化的初衷" tabindex="-1">模块化的初衷 <a class="header-anchor" href="#模块化的初衷" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><ul><li>将大的程序拆分成一个个小的易于维护的代码</li><li>每个模块负责程序中的一部分逻辑，拥有<strong>自己的作用域</strong>、<strong>定义变量名时不会发生冲突</strong></li><li>模块可以暴露<strong>变量、函数、对象</strong>等导出</li><li>模块可以导入其他模块的<strong>变量、函数、对象</strong></li></ul><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// moduleA.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> moduleA </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> (</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">function</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(){</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Ziu</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">age</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">18</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">run</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">+</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">age</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">+</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">is running.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#F07178;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">return</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">age</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">run</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)()</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// moduleB.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(moduleA</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 在其他模块中调用</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br></div></div><h3 id="commonjs" tabindex="-1">CommonJS <a class="header-anchor" href="#commonjs" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>CommonJS是一种<strong>规范</strong>，当初命名为ServerJS，旨在浏览器以外的地方使用，后为体现其广泛性，改名为CommonJS，简称CJS</p><p><strong>规范 是用来指导 实现的</strong></p><ul><li><code>Node</code> 是CommonJS在服务端的代表<strong>实现</strong></li><li><code>Browserify</code> 是CommonJS在浏览器中的一种<strong>实现</strong> （正在被淘汰）</li><li><code>WebPack</code> 打包工具具备支持CommonJS的支持和转换</li></ul><p>所以，Node.js对CommonJS进行了支持和实现，让JavaScript在Node上运行时可以实现模块化开发</p><ul><li>每个<code>.js</code>文件都是一个单独的模块</li><li>每个模块中都包含变量<code>exports</code> <code>module.exports</code> <code>require</code></li></ul><div class="vp-code-group"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-B_NUi" id="tab-ItnZYw2" checked="checked"><label for="tab-ItnZYw2">env.js</label><input type="radio" name="group-B_NUi" id="tab-fEv5iIP"><label for="tab-fEv5iIP">utils.js</label><input type="radio" name="group-B_NUi" id="tab-WywPTMj"><label for="tab-WywPTMj">index.js</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-js active line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// env.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Ziu</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">age </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">18</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// utils.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">module.exports</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">sum</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">function</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">x</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">y</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">return</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">x</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">+</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">y</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// index.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> utils </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">utils.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">sum</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 3</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> sum </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">utils.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">sum</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 3</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> age </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">env.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> age) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// Ziu 18</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br></div></div></div></div><h4 id="exports的本质" tabindex="-1"><code>exports</code>的本质 <a class="header-anchor" href="#exports的本质" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p><code>exports</code>和<code>require</code>在Node中的本质</p><ul><li><code>exports</code>是一个对象，我们可以在这个对象中添加很多属性，添加的属性则会被导出 <ul><li>在没有向该对象添加任何属性之前，它是一个空对象</li></ul></li><li>当通过<code>require</code>导入时：<code>const env = require(&#39;env.js&#39;)</code><ul><li><code>env</code>这个变量等于<code>env.js</code>中的<code>exports</code>对象</li><li>本质上是<code>env</code>是<code>exports</code>对象的引用赋值</li><li><code>{ id: &#39;...&#39;, exports: { ... }, loaded: true, ... }</code></li></ul></li><li>后续即使再次执行<code>require</code>导入模块，模块中的代码也不会重新执行（<code>module.loaded</code>属性） <ul><li>当从模块中取值时，会从已经加载的<code>exports</code>对象缓存上取值</li></ul></li></ul><div class="vp-code-group"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-5URJB" id="tab-JrIwLjQ" checked="checked"><label for="tab-JrIwLjQ">utils.js</label><input type="radio" name="group-5URJB" id="tab-31EkPak"><label for="tab-31EkPak">index.js</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-js active line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// utils.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 1s后修改a值</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">setTimeout</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">},</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1000</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 2s后检查a值</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">setTimeout</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a</span><span style="color:#F07178;">) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 2</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">},</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2000</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// index.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> utils </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 0</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">setTimeout</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a</span><span style="color:#F07178;">) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 1</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 反过来修改a值</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">},</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1500</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br></div></div></div></div><p>在上述代码中，<code>utils</code>对象中的属性<code>a</code>在一秒后被赋值为<code>1</code>，因此在index.js中输出<code>utils.a</code>得到了两次不同的结果</p><p>反过来，在index.js中修改导入的<code>utils.a</code>的值后，修改结果也会反映在<code>exports.a</code>上，输出的值为<code>2</code></p><p>实际开发中不要修改导入模块中的变量，改变原模块中变量的值并不规范</p><h4 id="module-exports" tabindex="-1"><code>module.exports</code> <a class="header-anchor" href="#module-exports" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>在Node.js中，真正常用的导出方式是<code>module.exports</code></p><ul><li><code>module.exports</code>本质上就是<code>exports</code>对象（同一个内存地址）</li><li>可以直接给<code>exports</code>对象赋值，将需要导出的内容统一导出</li><li>给<code>module.exports</code>重新赋值，即改变了<code>exports</code>对象的指向，<strong>后续的修改不再影响原模块中的变量</strong></li></ul><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> name </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Ziu</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> run </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(name </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">+</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">is running.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">module.exports</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> run</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><h4 id="二者的区别" tabindex="-1">二者的区别 <a class="header-anchor" href="#二者的区别" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>既然如此，为什么还要存在<code>exports</code>这个概念呢？</p><ul><li>在CommonJS中是没有<code>module.exports</code>的概念的</li><li>为了实现模块的导出，Node.js使用的是<code>Module</code>类，每一个模块都是<code>Module</code>的实例，也就是<code>module</code></li><li>所以在Node.js中真正用于导出的并不是<code>exports</code>，而是<code>module.exports</code></li><li><code>module</code>对象中的<code>exports</code>属性是<code>exports</code>对象的一个引用 <ul><li><code>module.exports === exports === utils</code></li></ul></li></ul><p>如果<code>module.exports</code>不再引用<code>exports</code>对象了，修改<code>exports</code>对象也就没有意义了</p><div class="vp-code-group"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-BZYO2" id="tab-INYshhf" checked="checked"><label for="tab-INYshhf">utils.js</label><input type="radio" name="group-BZYO2" id="tab-odTExVh"><label for="tab-odTExVh">index.js</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-js active line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// utils.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">module.exports</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F07178;">name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Ziu</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">age </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">18</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// index.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> utils </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">utils.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// Ziu</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">age) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// undefined</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div></div></div><p>当使用<code>module.exports = { ... }</code>后，模块中原有的<code>exports</code>不再被导入识别，导入的内容将变为<code>module.exports</code>指定的对象内容</p><h4 id="require的本质" tabindex="-1"><code>require</code>的本质 <a class="header-anchor" href="#require的本质" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p><code>require</code>是一个函数，可以帮助我们导入一个文件（模块）中导出的对象</p><ul><li>为什么可以省略掉<code>.js</code>后缀，直接使用<code>require(&#39;./utils&#39;)</code></li><li>为什么可以省略掉<code>index.js</code>，直接使用<code>require(&#39;./tools&#39;)</code>导入<code>tools/index.js</code></li></ul><p>这涉及到<code>require</code>在匹配路径后的查找规则：</p><p>分为三种情况：<strong>内置模块、自定义路径、包名</strong></p><ul><li>导入Node.js内置的模块，如<code>const path = require(&#39;path&#39;)</code><ul><li>直接返回该内置模块 并停止后续的查找</li></ul></li><li>根据路径导入自定义的模块，如<code>const utils = require(&#39;./{filename}&#39;)</code><ul><li>按照路径寻找该模块<code>./</code> <code>../</code> <code>/</code></li><li>如果指定了后缀名，则按照后缀名查找</li><li>如果未指定后缀名，则： <ol><li>直接查找该文件</li><li>查找<code>{filename}.js</code>文件</li><li>查找<code>{filename}.json</code>文件</li><li>查找<code>{filename}.node</code>文件</li></ol></li><li>如果按照上述方式没找到文件，则<strong>将<code>{filename}</code>作为路径继续查找</strong></li><li>查找目录下的<code>index</code>文件 <code>{filename}/index</code><ol><li>查找<code>{filename}/index.js</code>文件</li><li>··· ···</li></ol></li><li>没找到：报错<code>Cannot find module &#39;xxx&#39;</code></li></ul></li><li>包名，如<code>const lodash = require(&#39;lodash&#39;)</code><ul><li>到项目根目录的<code>node_modules</code>中查找</li><li><code>node_modules/{package_name}/index.js</code></li><li>当前项目目录的<code>node_modules</code>找不到则继续向上查找，直到查找到根目录的<code>node_modules</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="模块的加载过程" tabindex="-1">模块的加载过程 <a class="header-anchor" href="#模块的加载过程" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li>模块在被第一次引入时，模块中的JS代码会被运行一次 <ul><li>代码执行顺序与<code>require</code>的位置相关</li></ul></li><li>模块如果被多次引入，会被缓存，最终只加载一次 <ul><li>这是因为每个模块对象<code>module</code>上都有一个属性<code>loaded</code></li><li><code>loaded === false</code>表示该模块尚未被加载</li><li>第二次被<code>require</code>引入时会检查该属性是否为<code>true</code></li></ul></li><li>如果有循环引用，加载顺序如何？ <ul><li>数据结构：图结构（graph）遍历时有深度优先搜索（DFS）、广度优先搜索（BFS）两种算法</li><li>Node采用的是深度优先算法</li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="commonjs的缺点" tabindex="-1">CommonJS的缺点 <a class="header-anchor" href="#commonjs的缺点" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li>加载模块是同步加载的 <ul><li>只有等到对应的模块加载完毕，当前模块中的内容才能被执行</li><li>当然，在服务器中加载JS文件都是本地文件，加载速度非常快，不会受影响</li></ul></li><li>但是在浏览器中使用CommonJS <ul><li>需要先从服务器下载JS文件，后加载运行</li><li>阻塞JS执行 阻塞页面加载</li></ul></li><li>在WebPack中使用CommonJS <ul><li>CommonJS会被WebPack解析</li><li>将CommonJS代码转化为bundle 浏览器可以直接运行</li></ul></li></ul><h3 id="esmodule" tabindex="-1">ESModule <a class="header-anchor" href="#esmodule" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><ul><li>ES6 模块采用<strong>编译时加载</strong>，使得<strong>编译时就能确定模块的依赖关系</strong>，有助于<strong>静态优化</strong></li><li>CommonJS模块在运行时加载，且必须借助对象加载模块内容</li></ul><h4 id="export和import用法概览" tabindex="-1"><code>export</code>和<code>import</code>用法概览 <a class="header-anchor" href="#export和import用法概览" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>ESModule借助<code>export</code>和<code>import</code>导入导出内容，需要注意的是导入导出的并不是对象</p><p><code>export</code>定义的是当前模块导出的<strong>接口</strong>，<code>import</code>可以导入来自其他不同模块的<strong>接口</strong></p><ul><li><code>export default</code>可以设置默认导出对象</li><li><code>export { ... }</code>可以统一导出多个内容</li><li><code>export</code>和<code>import</code>都可以使用<code>as</code>关键字重命名导出/导入的接口</li><li><code>import * from &#39;xxx&#39;</code> <code>export * from &#39;xxx&#39;</code>批量导入/导出</li></ul><div class="vp-code-group"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-OHX-6" id="tab-ljQQZZE" checked="checked"><label for="tab-ljQQZZE">utils.js</label><input type="radio" name="group-OHX-6" id="tab-XlU8VdQ"><label for="tab-XlU8VdQ">index.js</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-js active line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// utils.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">function</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">sum</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">a</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">b</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">return</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">+</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">b</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">function</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">sub</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">a</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">b</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">return</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">b</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">default</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">function</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(...</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">args</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">...</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">args</span><span style="color:#F07178;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#F07178;">: &#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">Ziu</span><span style="color:#F07178;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">age</span><span style="color:#F07178;">: 18</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> ENV_VARIABLE </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Hello, World!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// index.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">sum</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">sub</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">age</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">ENV_VARIABLE</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> log </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./utils.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">sum</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 3</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">sub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">3</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// -1</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> age</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> ENV_VARIABLE) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// &#39;Ziu&#39; 18 &#39;Hello, World!&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div></div></div><p>需要注意的是，在浏览器中要使用ESModule，需要为<code>&lt;script&gt;</code>标签添加<code>module</code>标记：</p><p><code>&lt;script src=&quot;index.js&quot; type=&quot;module&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code></p><ul><li>当浏览器解析到<code>type=&quot;module&quot;</code>的JS代码后，会<strong>分析模块中导入的ESModule模块</strong></li><li>每导入一个ESModule模块，<strong>浏览器都会发起一个HTTP请求去加载它</strong></li><li>在本地运行时加载不同协议头的文件会遇到跨域问题，需要开启本地Web服务器</li></ul><p>另外，<strong><code>export</code>与<code>import</code>必须位于模块的顶层</strong>，如果位于作用域内会报错，因为这就<strong>无法对代码进行静态分析优化了</strong></p><h4 id="export详解" tabindex="-1"><code>export</code>详解 <a class="header-anchor" href="#export详解" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p><code>export</code>有两种导出方式：</p><ul><li>命名导出 <code>export const name = &#39;Ziu&#39;</code> <code>export { v1, v2 } export * from &#39;xxx&#39;</code><ul><li>导出时需要指定名字</li><li>导入时也需要知道对应的名字</li></ul></li><li>默认导出 <code>export default AGE = 18</code><ul><li>在从其他位置导入时需要为此默认导出指定新的名字</li><li>给用户方便：不必阅读文档就可以加载模块</li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="值的动态绑定" tabindex="-1">值的动态绑定 <a class="header-anchor" href="#值的动态绑定" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li>ESModule模块通过<code>export</code>语句输出的接口，与其对应的值是<strong>动态绑定关系</strong>，即通<strong>过该接口，可以取到模块内部实时的值</strong></li><li>CommonJS模块输出的是值的缓存，不存在动态更新</li></ul><p>我们援引之前介绍CJS时的案例，<strong>将后缀名改为<code>mjs</code>即可在Node中运行ESModule模块代码</strong></p><p>初始获得的<code>a</code>值为0，经过1s后，在<code>utils.mjs</code>中修改了a的值，这时导入<code>utils.mjs</code>模块的其他模块可以获取到<code>a</code>最新的值</p><div class="vp-code-group"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-bLjSW" id="tab-MfnZ2lz" checked="checked"><label for="tab-MfnZ2lz">utils.mjs</label><input type="radio" name="group-bLjSW" id="tab-fvGrvcC"><label for="tab-fvGrvcC">index.mjs</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-js active line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// utils.mjs</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> a </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 1s后修改a值</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">setTimeout</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">},</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1000</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// index.mjs</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./utils.mjs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(a) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 0</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">setTimeout</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">a</span><span style="color:#F07178;">) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// 1</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">},</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1500</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div></div></div><ul><li>需要注意的是，导入的其他模块的变量是不允许被修改的，因为<code>index.mjs</code>导入的本质是一个接口</li><li>如果从其他模块导入的是一个对象，也不推荐修改导入内容的任何值，最好将其当做完全只读</li></ul><p>拓展阅读：CommonJS与ESModule加载模块的异同</p><h4 id="import详解" tabindex="-1"><code>import</code>详解 <a class="header-anchor" href="#import详解" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>检查下述代码：</p><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">foo</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">foo</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">foo</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li><code>import</code>命令具有提升效果，会提升到整个模块的顶部</li><li><code>import</code>的执行早于函数的调用，<code>import</code>命令是在编译阶段执行的，在代码运行之前</li><li>由于<code>import</code>是静态执行，所以不能使用表达式和变量（只有运行时才有值）</li></ul><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">lodash</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">lodash</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><ul><li>如果仅仅导入了一个模块，那么该模块的代码会被执行，但是没有任何变量被导入</li><li>如果同一模块被导入多次，那么导入操作只会被执行一次</li></ul><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">*</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">add</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">*</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">utils</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li>可以通过<code>*</code>一次性导入模块中所有导出的变量、函数、类</li><li>也可以实现二者的复合操作：导入全部模块的同时导出全部模块</li></ul><h4 id="import-函数" tabindex="-1"><code>import()</code>函数 <a class="header-anchor" href="#import-函数" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>通过<code>import</code>命令导入的模块是静态的，会被提升到模块顶部，并不支持条件导入</p><p>ES2020引入了<code>import()</code>函数，可以通过<code>import()</code>函数实现条件导入，动态加载ESModule模块</p><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> main </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> document</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">querySelector</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">main</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">`</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./section-modules/</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">${</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">someVariable</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">`</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">then</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">module</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">module.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">loadPageInto</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">main</span><span style="color:#F07178;">)</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">catch</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">err</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">main</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">textContent</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">err</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">message</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br></div></div><ul><li>返回值是一个Promise对象，可以通过<code>await</code>同步地操作它</li><li><code>import()</code>函数可以在模块外的JS脚本中使用，用于<strong>在运行时加载外部模块</strong>，类似于<code>require()</code></li><li>区别于<code>require()</code>，<code>import()</code>是异步加载模块</li></ul><p>通过<code>.then</code>函数处理导入的模块时，行为和<code>import</code>是相同的：</p><ul><li>如果有默认导出对象，则<code>.then</code>入参为默认导出对象</li><li>可以通过解构直接取到模块中导出的变量或函数：<code>.then(({ add, sub }) =&gt; { ... })</code></li></ul><p><strong>应用场景</strong></p><p>按需加载：按钮点击后才加载相关的JS文件</p><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">btn</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">addEventListener</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">click</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">import</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./dialogBox.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#F07178;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">then</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">dialogBox</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">dialogBox</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">open</span><span style="color:#F07178;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#F07178;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">catch</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;font-style:italic;">err</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">err</span><span style="color:#F07178;">))</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><p>条件加载：根据主题色加载不同JS文件</p><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">if</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(darkMode) </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">import</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">dark.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#F07178;">)</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">then</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">...</span><span style="color:#F07178;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">else</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">import</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">light.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#F07178;">)</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">then</span><span style="color:#F07178;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">...</span><span style="color:#F07178;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><p>传入动态值</p><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> moduleName </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">=&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> [</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Home</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">History</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">User</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">][</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">`</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">${</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">moduleName</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">()</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">`</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h4 id="import-meta" tabindex="-1"><code>i<wbr>mport.meta</code> <a class="header-anchor" href="#import-meta" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>ES2020引入了<code>i<wbr>mport.meta</code>，它仅能在模块内部使用，包含一些模块自身的信息，即模块元信息</p><ul><li><code>i<wbr>mport.meta.url</code> 返回当前模块的URL路径 <ul><li>浏览器加载ESModule都是通过HTTP发起请求 <ul><li>例如当前模块为<code>fetchData.js</code>，要在模块内引入一个名为<code>data.json</code>的数据：</li><li><code>import( new URL(&#39;data.json&#39;, i<wbr>mport.meta.url) )</code></li></ul></li><li>Node.js环境下，该值都是<code>file://</code>协议的链接</li></ul></li><li><code>i<wbr>mport.meta.scriptElement</code><ul><li>浏览器特有的属性</li><li>返回加载模块的<code>&lt;script&gt;</code>标签，相当于<code>document.currentScript</code></li></ul></li></ul><p>规范中并未规定<code>i<wbr>mport.meta</code>中包含哪些属性，一般包括上面两个属性</p><h3 id="深入理解模块加载" tabindex="-1">深入理解模块加载 <a class="header-anchor" href="#深入理解模块加载" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><h4 id="esmodule的解析过程" tabindex="-1">ESModule的解析过程 <a class="header-anchor" href="#esmodule的解析过程" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>ESModule的解析过程可以分为三个阶段：</p><ul><li>构建 <code>Construction</code><ul><li>根据地址查找JS文件，并发起HTTP请求下载，将其解析为模块记录 <code>Module Record</code></li></ul></li><li>实例化 <code>Instatiation</code><ul><li>对模块记录进行实例化，并为其分配内存空间</li><li>解析ESModule模块的<strong>导入和导出</strong>语句，将模块指向对应的内存地址</li><li>例如<code>export const name = &#39;Ziu&#39;</code>，会将变量<code>name</code>添加到模块环境记录中 <code>Module Enviroment Record</code></li></ul></li><li>运行 <code>Evaluation</code><ul><li>运行代码，计算值，并且将值填充到内存地址中</li><li>将导入导出的<strong>值</strong>赋给对应的变量<code>name = &#39;Ziu&#39;</code></li></ul></li></ul><p>![ESModule解析过程](Front-end Engineering.assets/esmodule-phases.png)</p><p>文章推荐：<a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/03/es-modules-a-cartoon-deep-dive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">ES modules: A cartoon deep-dive</a></p><h4 id="mjs和cjs的区别" tabindex="-1">MJS和CJS的区别 <a class="header-anchor" href="#mjs和cjs的区别" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li><strong>CommonJS模块输出的是值的拷贝，而ESModule模块输出的是值的引用</strong><ul><li>CJS导出的变量，其值如果在模块内发生变化，外部导入是不会同步更新的，除非导出的是一个取值函数</li><li>MJS导出变量，外部模块每次访问时都会得到该变量最新的值，即使变量在模块内被修改了</li></ul></li><li><strong>CommonJS模块是运行时加载，而ESModule是编译时输出接口</strong><ul><li>CJS是<strong>通过对象实现</strong>的导入导出，它<strong>在运行时才被确定依赖关系</strong>和其值</li><li>MJS则是<strong>通过静态定义</strong>，在代码运行之前的<strong>静态解析阶段即可确定模块的导入导出内容</strong></li></ul></li><li><strong>CommonJS模块的<code>require()</code>是同步加载模块，而ESModule模块的<code>import</code>命令是异步加载模块</strong><ul><li><code>import</code>命令拥有一个独立的模块依赖的解析阶段</li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="cjs中的循环加载" tabindex="-1">CJS中的循环加载 <a class="header-anchor" href="#cjs中的循环加载" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>设想有以下两文件 <code>a.js</code>与<code>b.js</code>：</p><div class="vp-code-group"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-M-xNj" id="tab-nV406A7" checked="checked"><label for="tab-nV406A7">a.js</label><input type="radio" name="group-M-xNj" id="tab-wCljJuH"><label for="tab-wCljJuH">b.js</label><input type="radio" name="group-M-xNj" id="tab-rbJiK9I"><label for="tab-rbJiK9I">main.js</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-js active line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// a.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">done </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FF9CAC;">false</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> b </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./b.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">在 a.js 之中，b.done = %j</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> b</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">done)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">done </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FF9CAC;">true</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">a.js 执行完毕</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// b.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">done </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FF9CAC;">false</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> a </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./a.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">在 b.js 之中，a.done = %j</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> a</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">done)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">exports.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">done </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FF9CAC;">true</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">b.js 执行完毕</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// main.js</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> a </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./a</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> b </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./b</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">在 main.js 之中, a.done=%j, b.done=%j</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> a</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">done</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> b</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">done)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div></div></div><p>执行脚本<code>main.js</code>，先执行<code>a.js</code>：</p><ul><li>第一行 导出<code>done</code>值为<code>false</code></li><li>第二行 <code>a.js</code>的代码暂停执行 进入<code>b.js</code>并等待其执行完毕</li></ul><p>在<code>b.js</code>中：</p><ul><li>第一行 导出<code>done</code>值为<code>false</code></li><li>第二行 执行<code>a.js</code> 从<code>a.js</code>模块中取<code>exports</code>对象</li><li><strong>取到其缓存值为<code>false</code>（<code>a.js</code>执行已经执行的部分）</strong></li><li>随后<code>b.js</code>继续向下执行 执行完毕后 将执行权交还给<code>a.js</code></li></ul><p>回到<code>a.js</code>中：</p><ul><li>继续向后执行 直到代码执行完毕</li></ul><p>最终输出：</p><div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">在</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">b.js</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">之中，a.done</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">false</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">b.js</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">执行完毕</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">在</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">a.js</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">之中，b.done</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">true</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">a.js</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">执行完毕</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">在</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">main.js</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">之中,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">a.done=</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">true</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">b.done=</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">true</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><p>总结：</p><ul><li>CJS的模块导出是输出值的拷贝，而不是引用，值的变化不是动态的，而是会被缓存的</li><li>循环加载时，CJS模块导出的值是当前已经执行部分代码产生的结果的值，而不是模块代码完全执行完后的最终值</li></ul><h4 id="mjs中的循环加载" tabindex="-1">MJS中的循环加载 <a class="header-anchor" href="#mjs中的循环加载" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>ESModule的导入和导出与CommonJS有本质不同：</p><div class="vp-code-group"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-cBnML" id="tab-ih_6Cam" checked="checked"><label for="tab-ih_6Cam">a.mjs</label><input type="radio" name="group-cBnML" id="tab-SqE3Nr_"><label for="tab-SqE3Nr_">b.mjs</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-js active line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// a.mjs</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">bar</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./b.mjs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">a.mjs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(bar)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> foo </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">foo</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// b.mjs</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">foo</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./a.mjs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">b.mjs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(foo)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> bar </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">bar</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div></div></div><p>执行<code>a.mjs</code>后发现报错了：<code>ReferenceError: Cannot access &#39;foo&#39; before initialization</code>，变量<code>foo</code>未定义</p><ul><li>MJS模块在代码执行前会进行静态分析</li><li>分析<code>a.mjs</code>的依赖关系时，发现其依赖了<code>b.mjs</code></li><li>于是加载<code>b.mjs</code>并解析它的依赖关系</li><li>解析<code>b.mjs</code>的过程中，发现它又依赖了<code>a.mjs</code></li><li>这时引擎不会再去加载<code>a.mjs</code> 而是认为<code>a.mjs</code>这个模块的<code>Module Record</code>已经存在了</li><li>继续向下执行，执行到<code>console.log(foo)</code>时发现<code>foo</code>未定义 抛出错误</li></ul><p>要实现预期效果，可以将<code>foo</code>与<code>bar</code>改写为取值函数，这时执行就不会报错了：</p><div class="vp-code-group"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-UzuYd" id="tab-5mPPPFT" checked="checked"><label for="tab-5mPPPFT">a.mjs</label><input type="radio" name="group-UzuYd" id="tab-3d8GiKy"><label for="tab-3d8GiKy">b.mjs</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-js active line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// a.mjs</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">bar</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./b.mjs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">a.mjs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">bar</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">())</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">function</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">foo</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">return</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">foo</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// b.mjs</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">import</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">foo</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">from</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">./a.mjs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">b.mjs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">foo</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">())</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">export</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">function</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">bar</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;font-style:italic;">return</span><span style="color:#F07178;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">bar</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div></div></div><p>这是因为函数<code>function</code>具有提升作用，在<code>a.mjs</code>中执行<code>import { bar } from &#39;./b.mjs&#39;</code>之前，<code>foo</code>就有定义了。</p><p>因此在进入<code>b.mjs</code>执行<code>console.log(foo())</code>时可以取到<code>foo</code>，代码可以顺利执行</p><p>另：如果将<code>foo</code>定义为函数表达式<code>export const foo = () =&gt; &#39;foo&#39;</code>，由于没有变量提升，代码仍然会报错</p><h4 id="内部变量差异" tabindex="-1">内部变量差异 <a class="header-anchor" href="#内部变量差异" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>ESModule和CommonJS另一个重要区别就是：</p><p>ESModule模块是在浏览器与服务端通用的，之前在解读CommonJS时介绍了它拥有的一些内部变量（模块变量）：</p><ul><li><code>arguments</code></li><li><code>require</code></li><li><code>module</code></li><li><code>exports</code></li><li><code>__filename</code></li><li><code>_dirname</code></li></ul><p>这些变量在ESModule模块中都是不存在的，且顶层的<code>this</code>不再指向当前模块，而是<code>undefined</code></p><h3 id="拓展内容" tabindex="-1">拓展内容 <a class="header-anchor" href="#拓展内容" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><h4 id="在node-js中使用esmodule" tabindex="-1">在Node.js中使用ESModule <a class="header-anchor" href="#在node-js中使用esmodule" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>在Node.js中，普通的<code>.js</code>文件会被默认解析为CommonJS，要使用ESModule有两种方式：</p><ul><li>所有ESModule的后缀名都使用<code>.mjs</code>并且不可省略 <ul><li>这样引擎在解析到<code>.mjs</code>结尾的文件时，将按照ESModule的规则解析其导入导出关系</li></ul></li><li>将<code>package.json</code>中的<code>type</code>字段修改为<code>module</code><ul><li>此时项目中所有<code>.js</code>文件都将被作为ESModule模块解析</li><li>要在此项目中使用CommonJS，则需要将后缀名修改为<code>.cjs</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="解读package-json中的字段" tabindex="-1">解读<code>package.json</code>中的字段 <a class="header-anchor" href="#解读package-json中的字段" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li></li></ul><h2 id="包管理工具" tabindex="-1">包管理工具 <a class="header-anchor" href="#包管理工具" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><ul><li>npm包管理工具</li><li>package配置文件</li><li>npm install原理</li><li>yarn cnpm npx</li><li>发布自己的npm包</li><li>pnpm使用和原理</li></ul><h3 id="npm" tabindex="-1">npm <a class="header-anchor" href="#npm" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><ul><li>Node Package Manager 包管理工具，方便管理项目依赖、管理代码版本、分发代码</li><li>目前不仅管理Node的包了，前端项目的依赖包都可以由它管理</li><li>安装Node.js会自动为我们安装npm</li></ul><p>全局安装、局部安装、开发依赖、生产依赖</p><h3 id="package-json" tabindex="-1">package.json <a class="header-anchor" href="#package-json" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p><code>package.json</code>用来记录项目的配置信息，包括项目名、版本、项目入口、脚本、依赖项</p><p>通过<code>npm init -y</code>初始化项目，会为我们生成一个<code>package.json</code>文件</p><p>强烈建议阅读官方文档对<code>package.json</code>的解读：<a href="https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v9/configuring-npm/package-json" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">package.json</a></p><h4 id="main与exports字段" tabindex="-1"><code>main</code>与<code>exports</code>字段 <a class="header-anchor" href="#main与exports字段" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li><p><code>main</code>字段</p><ul><li>指定一个npm包的<code>main</code>字段为一个JS模块</li><li>当我们从其他位置通过<code>import { something } from &#39;es-module-package&#39;</code>导入时</li><li>Node.js将从<code>main</code>字段指定的模块查找导出内容</li></ul></li><li><p><code>exports</code>字段</p><ul><li><code>exports</code>字段优先级高于<code>main</code>字段，它具有多种用法：</li><li>子目录别名 <ul><li>假设如是定义<code>exports</code>字段：<code>exports: { &quot;./submodule&quot;: &quot;./src/submodule.js&quot; }</code></li><li>当执行<code>import submodule from &#39;es-module-package/submodule&#39;</code>时，会按照以下路径查找模块：</li><li><code>./node_modules/es-module-package/src/submodule.js</code></li></ul></li><li><code>main</code>的别名</li><li>条件加载</li></ul></li></ul><p>参考：<a href="https://es6.ruanyifeng.com/#docs/module-loader#package-json-%E7%9A%84-exports-%E5%AD%97%E6%AE%B5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">package.json 的 exports 字段</a></p><h4 id="dependencies和devdependencies的区别" tabindex="-1"><code>dependencies</code>和<code>devDependencies</code>的区别 <a class="header-anchor" href="#dependencies和devdependencies的区别" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li><code>dependencies</code>应当包含依赖的最小集，在此之上添加的文档、测试、调试、构建等的依赖，都应当被放进<code>devDependencies</code></li><li>当别人安装你发布的npm包时，执行<code>npm install xxx</code>后，只会安装包本身以及其中的<code>dependencies</code>运行时依赖</li><li>如果使用打包工具如Webpack，不论依赖放在哪一个里面，只要项目中有引入就会被打包进生产，除非配置了<code>external</code></li></ul><p>官方对两个字段的定义：</p><blockquote><p>dependencies: Dependencies are specified in a simple object that maps a package name to a version range. The version range is a string which has one or more space-separated descriptors. Dependencies can also be identified with a tarball or git URL.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>devDependencies: If someone is planning on downloading and using your module in their program, then they probably don&#39;t want or need to download and build the external test or documentation framework that you use.</p></blockquote><p><strong>总结：将与代码运行时无关的依赖放入<code>devDependencies</code>，可以让他人在使用你开发的库时，少安装一些不必要的依赖。</strong></p><h4 id="依赖版本号中的-1-2-0和-1-2-0有什么区别" tabindex="-1">依赖版本号中的<code>~1.2.0</code>和<code>^1.2.0</code>有什么区别 <a class="header-anchor" href="#依赖版本号中的-1-2-0和-1-2-0有什么区别" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>版本号简要说明：<code>[major 主要版本].[minor 次要版本].[patch 补丁版本]-[alpha | beta 测试阶段].[测试版本号]</code></p><ul><li><p><code>~</code> Allows patch-level changes if a minor version is specified on the comparator. Allows minor-level changes if not.</p><ul><li>如果指定了次要版本，则允许补丁级别的更改，否则允许进行较小级别的更改</li><li>如<code>~1.2.0</code>：允许安装<code>1.2.0 - 1.3.0</code>的版本</li><li>如<code>~1.2</code>：允许安装<code>1.2.0 - 1.3.0</code>的版本</li><li>如<code>~1</code>：允许安装<code>1.x</code>的版本，不允许上升到<code>2.0.0</code></li></ul></li><li><p><code>^</code> Allows changes that do not modify the left-most non-zero element in the <code>[major, minor, patch]</code> tuple.</p></li><li><p>允许对<code>1.0.0</code>及更高版本进行补丁和次要更新，对版本<code>0.x &gt;=0.1.0</code>进行补丁更新，对版本<code>0.0.x</code>不进行更新。</p><ul><li>如<code>^1.2.3</code>：允许安装<code>1.2.3 - 2.0.0</code>的版本</li><li>如<code>^0.2.3</code>：允许安装<code>0.2.3 - 0.3.0</code>的版本</li><li>如<code>^0.0.3</code>：允许安装<code>0.0.3 - 0.0.4</code>的版本</li></ul></li></ul><p>参考：<a href="https://github.com/npm/node-semver#versions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">node-semver</a></p><p>Allows patch-level changes if a minor version is specified on the comparator. Allows minor-level changes if not.</p><p>devDependenciesAllows changes that do not modify the left-most non-zero element in the [major, minor, patch] tuple.</p><p>允许对版本 1.0.0 及更高版本进行补丁和次要更新，对版本 0.X &gt;=0.1.0 进行补丁更新，对版本 0.0.X 不进行更新。</p><h3 id="npx" tabindex="-1">npx <a class="header-anchor" href="#npx" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p><code>npx</code>命令用来在项目路径下执行<code>node_modules/.bin</code>下的命令，默认这些命令都位于<code>node_modules/.bin</code>中，如果不cd进去shell找不到它们，在项目根目录调用它们自然会报未知命令的错误。</p><p>以webpack为例：</p><ul><li>直接在控制台输入<code>webpack</code>会报错：未知命令</li><li>必须通过<code>npx webpack</code>来替我们调用 <ul><li>这相当于在控制台执行了<code>./node_modules/.bin/webpack</code></li></ul></li><li>通过在<code>package.json</code>中定义<code>script</code><ul><li>执行<code>npm run xxx</code>后，会为我们将<code>.bin</code>中的命令添加进系统的PATH中</li><li>这样就相当于直接在项目根目录下直接调用<code>.bin</code>中的命令了</li></ul></li><li>如果全局安装了webpack那么在系统任意路径下都可以用<code>webpack</code>命令了</li></ul><h4 id="解读package-json中的bin字段" tabindex="-1">解读<code>package.json</code>中的<code>bin</code>字段 <a class="header-anchor" href="#解读package-json中的bin字段" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p><code>.bin</code>目录下的可执行文件从何处来？由npm官方文档中对<code>package.json/bin</code>字段的介绍可以知道：</p><blockquote><p>A lot of packages have one or more executable files that they&#39;d like to install into the PATH. npm makes this pretty easy (in fact, it uses this feature to install the &quot;npm&quot; executable.)</p><p>To use this, supply a <code>bin</code> field in your package.json which is a map of command name to local file name. When this package is installed globally, that file will be either linked inside the global bins directory or a cmd (Windows Command File) will be created which executes the specified file in the <code>bin</code> field, so it is available to run by <code>name</code> or <code>name.cmd</code> (on Windows PowerShell). When this package is installed as a dependency in another package, the file will be linked where it will be available to that package either directly by <code>npm exec</code> or by name in other scripts when invoking them via <code>npm run-script</code>.</p></blockquote><p>如果第三方包在<code>package.json</code>中声明了<code>bin</code>字段：<code>命令名称 -&gt; 本地文件名</code>的映射，如<code>bin: { &quot;webpack&quot;: &quot;bin/webpack.js&quot; }</code></p><p>在执行安装<code>npm i xxx</code>时，会由包管理工具创建<code>.bin</code>目录，并创建一个可执行命令并将其<strong>软链接</strong>到目标文件</p><p>推荐阅读：<a href="https://juejin.cn/post/7078924628525056007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">三面面试官：运行 npm run xxx 的时候发生了什么？</a></p><h3 id="npm包的发布" tabindex="-1">npm包的发布 <a class="header-anchor" href="#npm包的发布" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>如果你希望发布自己的npm包，主要涉及到的命令有：</p><div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">npm</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">init</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">-y</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 初始化项目 生成package.json</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">npm</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">login</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 登录自己的npm账号</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">npm</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">publish</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 将包发布到npm上 后续版本更新也使用此命令</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">npm</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">unpublish</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 取消发布 删除发布的npm包</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">npm</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">deprecate</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 让发布的npm包过期</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><p>执行<code>npm init -y</code>后，为我们生成的默认<code>package.json</code>如下：</p><div class="language-json line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">json</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">my-project</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">version</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">1.0.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">description</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">main</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">index.js</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">dependencies</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{},</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">devDependencies</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{},</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">scripts</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">test</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">echo </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">\&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Error: no test specified</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">\&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;"> &amp;&amp; exit 1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">},</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">keywords</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[],</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">author</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C792EA;">license</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">ISC</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br></div></div><p>其中<code>keywords</code> <code>author</code> <code>license</code>都会展示在此包的npm网站上，除此之外还可以定义<code>homepage</code> <code>repository</code>字段</p><h3 id="npm包的开发调试" tabindex="-1">npm包的开发调试 <a class="header-anchor" href="#npm包的开发调试" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>在npm包的开发过程中，如果要调试代码，那我们不可能每次修改代码都通过<em>提交到npm后，重新下载到本地</em>来调试代码</p><p>一般来讲有三种解决方案：</p><ul><li>直接修改导入路径 简单粗暴 <ul><li>如：将之前的<code>import lodash from &#39;lodash-es&#39;</code>修改为<code>import lodash from &#39;... debug/lodash-es&#39;</code></li><li>也可以修改<code>package.json</code>中的依赖版本为<code>file:包的路径</code></li><li>纯人工操作，容易误操作，不推荐</li></ul></li><li>通过<code>npm link</code>命令 软连接 <ul><li>首先在本地<strong>开发中的包项目</strong>根目录执行<code>npm link</code>，将提示：<code>success Registered &quot;my-project&quot;.</code>成功注册名为<code>my-project</code>的包</li><li>随后，在<strong>引入了此包的项目</strong>根目录下执行<code>npm link &quot;my-project&quot;</code> 即可将当前项目的<code>node_modules</code>中的此包软连接到正在开发中的包的路径</li><li>在许多情况下可能有效，但它通常会带来严重的限制和依赖关系解决、文件系统之间的符号链接互操作性等问题</li></ul></li><li>yalc模拟发布npm包 <ul><li>yalc可以将模拟发布的npm包存放在全局存储中，这样可以得到类似于发布-安装的效果</li><li>可以避免<code>npm link</code>导致的依赖关系问题 <ul><li>全局安装<code>npm i yalc -g</code> 模拟发布<code>yalc publish</code></li><li>引入方法1 <code>yalc link my-project</code>：向<code>node_modules</code>创建指向包内容的<strong>符号链接</strong>，并且不会修改<code>package.json</code>中的内容</li><li>引入方法2 <code>yalc add my-project</code>：将包拉到当前项目根目录<code>.yalc</code>中，并将 <code>file:.yalc/my-project</code> 依赖关系注入到<code>package.json</code>中（<code>file:包的路径</code>）</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h3 id="pnpm" tabindex="-1">PNPM <a class="header-anchor" href="#pnpm" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><h4 id="解决了哪些痛点" tabindex="-1">解决了哪些痛点 <a class="header-anchor" href="#解决了哪些痛点" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><p>传统包管理工具如npm yarn都有以下两个痛点：</p><ul><li><code>node_modules</code>太重 硬盘压力较大</li><li>幽灵依赖（为了复用 所有的包都被铺平在<code>node_modules</code>中 导致即使某些间接依赖虽然没有被安装 却能正常引入）</li></ul><p>PNPM（performant npm）有以下优点：</p><ul><li>比其他包管理器更快</li><li><code>node_modules</code>中的文件链接自特定的内容寻址存储库</li><li>支持 monorepos（单仓多包）</li><li>PNPM创建了一个非平铺的<code>node_modules</code> 代码无法访问任意包（避免了幽灵依赖）</li></ul><h4 id="硬链接和软链接" tabindex="-1">硬链接和软链接 <a class="header-anchor" href="#硬链接和软链接" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li>硬链接 （hard link） <ul><li>电脑文件系统中的多个文件平等地共享同一个文件存储单元</li><li>删除一个文件名字后，还可以通过其他名字继续访问该文件</li></ul></li><li>符号链接 （软链接 soft link、Symbolic link） <ul><li>符号链接 是一类特殊的文件</li><li>其包含有一条以绝对路径或者相对路径的形式<strong>指向其他文件或者目录的引用</strong></li></ul></li></ul><p>![hard-link and soft-link](Front-end Engineering.assets/hard-link-and-soft-link.jpg)</p><p>操作系统使用不同的<strong>文件系统</strong>，<strong>对真实的硬盘读写操作做了一层抽象</strong>，借由文件系统，我们得以方便地操作和访问文件的真实数据</p><ul><li>软链接例：你为一个文件创建了一个快捷方式，这个快捷方式本质上保存着目标文件的路径 <ul><li>访问快捷方式的本质是通过路径访问原文件</li><li>删除快捷方式时，不会对原文件的数据产生影响</li></ul></li><li>硬链接例：<code>F:/Video/abc.mp4</code> 和 <code>F:/Video/cba.mp4</code>指向了同一片硬盘数据空间 <ul><li>在文件系统中删除<code>abc.mp4</code>或<code>cba.mp4</code>之一，并<strong>不会影响到其他文件对该片数据空间的读取</strong></li><li>注意：硬链接不是拷贝，文件拷贝意味着<strong>有新的数据空间在硬盘上被开辟</strong>，拷贝出的文件和原文件指向不同的数据空间</li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="实操硬链接和软链接" tabindex="-1">实操硬链接和软链接 <a class="header-anchor" href="#实操硬链接和软链接" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li>文件的拷贝 <ul><li>Windows: <code>copy foo.js foo_copy.js</code></li><li>MacOS: <code>cp foo.js foo_copy.js</code></li></ul></li><li>文件的硬链接 <ul><li>Windows: <code>mklink /H aaa_hard.js aaa.js</code></li><li>MacOS: <code>ln foo.js foo_hard.js</code></li></ul></li><li>文件的软链接 <ul><li>Windows: <code>mklink aaa_soft.js aaa.js</code></li><li>MacOS: <code>ln -s foo.js foo_copy.js</code></li></ul></li></ul><p>打开符号链接文件，会直接跳转到原文件，且符号链接文件不可写</p><h4 id="pnpm的工作细节" tabindex="-1">PNPM的工作细节 <a class="header-anchor" href="#pnpm的工作细节" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><h5 id="硬链接" tabindex="-1">硬链接 <a class="header-anchor" href="#硬链接" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h5><ul><li>当使用npm或yarn时，如果有100个项目，且每个项目都有一个相同的依赖包 <ul><li>此依赖包将会在你的硬盘上存储100份，占据100份硬盘数据空间</li></ul></li><li>当使用pnpm时，此依赖包将被存储在一个统一的位置 <ul><li>所有其他项目引用该版本的依赖，将使用这同一份文件</li><li>如果依赖有不同版本，则不同版本的依赖包分别存储</li></ul></li></ul><p>这样，多个项目之间可以方便地共享相同版本的依赖包，减小了硬盘的压力。</p><p>以安装<code>axios</code>为例，我们在某个项目中执行了<code>pnpm add axios</code></p><ul><li>PNPM拉取Axios的代码 将其保存在<strong>全局仓库</strong><code>.pnpm/axios</code>中，并且<strong>硬链接</strong>到硬盘中的数据文件</li><li>在<strong>当前项目</strong>中的<code>node_modules</code>创建文件夹<code>axios</code>，将其中的文件<strong>硬链接</strong>到硬盘中的相同位置</li><li>硬链接是不能操作目录的 目录需要创建 而其中的文件可以使用硬链接</li><li>以后如果有其他项目也用到了相同版本的<code>axios</code>，在执行<code>pnpm add axios</code>后：只需要在各自的<code>node_modules</code>创建硬链接到那片数据空间即可</li></ul><h5 id="非扁平的node-modules" tabindex="-1">非扁平的node_modules <a class="header-anchor" href="#非扁平的node-modules" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h5><ul><li>使用npm或yarn Classic安装依赖包时 所有包都将被提升到<code>node_modules</code>的根目录下 <ul><li>这是为了防止依赖之间多层嵌套，才想出的解决方案</li><li>这就导致：源码可以访问到间接依赖，访问到本不属于此项目的依赖包，导致幽灵依赖问题</li></ul></li><li>而PNPM仅有项目依赖会放在<code>node_modules</code>目录下 <ul><li>这些在<code>node_modules</code>根目录中的依赖包，是<code>node_modules/.pnpm</code>中硬链接文件的的<strong>符号链接</strong></li><li>在<code>node_modules/.pnpm</code>中，包含了附加版本信息的真实文件（硬链接到硬盘数据的文件）</li><li>所有间接依赖，都通过软链接的方式，链接到被铺平在<code>.pnpm</code>文件夹中对应版本的硬链接文件上</li></ul></li></ul><p>![how pnpm works](Front-end Engineering.assets/how-pnpm-works.jpg)</p><h4 id="常用命令" tabindex="-1">常用命令 <a class="header-anchor" href="#常用命令" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li><code>pnpm === npm init -y</code> 项目初始化</li><li><code>pnpm install === npm i</code> 安装项目依赖</li><li><code>pnpm add &lt;pkg&gt; === npm install &lt;pkg&gt;</code> 安装npm包</li><li><code>pnpm remove &lt;pkg&gt; === npm uninstall &lt;pkg&gt;</code> 移除npm包</li><li><code>pnpm &lt;script&gt; === npm run &lt;script&gt;</code> 执行项目脚本</li></ul><h4 id="存储store的位置" tabindex="-1">存储Store的位置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#存储store的位置" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h4><ul><li>在PNPM 7.0之前，统一的存储位置是<code>~/.pnpm-store</code><ul><li>例如<code>C:/Users/Ziu/.pnpm-store</code><ul><li><code>~/path === $HOME/path</code> 用户目录</li><li><code>./path</code> 相对路径</li><li><code>/path</code> 根目录</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>在7.0版本之后，统一存储位置在<code>&lt;pnpm home directory&gt;/store</code><ul><li>Linux: <code>~/.local/share/pnpm/store</code></li><li>Windows: <code>%LOCALAPPDATA%/pnpm/store</code></li><li>MacOS: <code>~/Library/pnpm/store</code></li></ul></li></ul><p>可以通过命令行，获取到这个目录：</p><div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">pnpm</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">store</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">path</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 获取到硬链接store的路径</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>如果当前目录创建了很多项目，尽管PNPM已经节省了空间，但是由于所有依赖都通过硬链接存放在同一个store中</p><p>随着文件数量增长，导致store越来越大，可以通过命令行，移除冗余文件造成的体积占用</p><div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">pnpm</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">store</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">prune</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># prune修剪 从store中删除当前未被引用的包 以释放store的空间</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="系统学习webpack" tabindex="-1">系统学习Webpack <a class="header-anchor" href="#系统学习webpack" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><ul><li>认识webpack工具</li><li>webpack基本打包</li><li>webpack配置文件</li><li>编写和打包CSS文件</li><li>编写Less文件</li><li>PostCSS工具处理CSS</li></ul><h3 id="node内置模块-path" tabindex="-1">Node内置模块 path <a class="header-anchor" href="#node内置模块-path" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><ul><li>path模块用于对路径和文件进行处理</li><li>在不同系统上，文件路径的分隔符是不同的 <ul><li>MacOS和Linux的分隔符是<code>/</code></li><li>Windows上的分隔符是<code>\</code> <code>\\</code> 目前也支持 <code>/</code></li></ul></li></ul><p>可以通过Node的path模块来抹平不同平台的差异</p><p>常用API</p><ul><li><p><code>path.extname</code> 后缀名</p></li><li><p><code>path.basename</code> 文件名</p></li><li><p><code>path.dirname</code> 文件夹名</p></li><li><p><code>path.join</code> 拼接多个路径</p><ul><li>下例中，由于<code>p2</code>通过<code>../</code>指定了上一级路径，所以从<code>abc</code>紧接着就是<code>why</code>了</li></ul></li></ul><div class="language-js line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">js</span><pre class="shiki material-theme-palenight"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> path </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">require</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">path</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> p1 </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">abc/cba</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">const</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> p2 </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">../why/kobe/james.txt</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">console</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">log</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(path</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">join</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(p1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> p2)) </span><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;">// \\abc\\why\\kobe\\james.txt</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li><code>path.resolve</code> 将多个路径片段解析、拼接为一个绝对路径 <ul><li><strong>从右往左</strong>处理传入的路径序列，每个路径依次被解析，直到构造完成一个绝对路径</li><li>如果在处理完所有给定path的段之后，还没有生成绝对路径，则使用当前工作目录</li><li>生成的路径被规范化并删除尾部斜杠，零长度path段被忽略</li><li>如果没有传递path段，则<code>path.resolve()</code>将返回当前工作目录的绝对路径</li></ul></li></ul><h3 id="初识webpack" tabindex="-1">初识Webpack <a class="header-anchor" href="#初识webpack" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>path模块在webpack的使用中有较大作用，所以预先介绍了一下，下面正式进入Webpack的学习</p><ul><li>Webpack能够帮助我们进行模块化开发</li><li>高级特性提升开发效率和代码安全性、可维护性，如 ES6+ TypeScript SASS Less 等都需要构建工具</li><li>实时文件监听（开发热更新）、代码压缩合并等</li></ul></div></div></main><!--[--><!--]--><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-30dabfe4 data-v-cc0f9778><div class="edit-info" data-v-cc0f9778><div class="edit-link" data-v-cc0f9778><a class="VPLink link edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/ZiuChen/ZiuChen.github.io/edit/main/docs/note/Front-end Engineering.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-v-cc0f9778 data-v-8dd200cc><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="edit-link-icon" data-v-cc0f9778><path d="M18,23H4c-1.7,0-3-1.3-3-3V6c0-1.7,1.3-3,3-3h7c0.6,0,1,0.4,1,1s-0.4,1-1,1H4C3.4,5,3,5.4,3,6v14c0,0.6,0.4,1,1,1h14c0.6,0,1-0.4,1-1v-7c0-0.6,0.4-1,1-1s1,0.4,1,1v7C21,21.7,19.7,23,18,23z"></path><path d="M8,17c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3C7,16.5,6.9,16.1,7,15.8l1-4c0-0.2,0.1-0.3,0.3-0.5l9.5-9.5c1.2-1.2,3.2-1.2,4.4,0c1.2,1.2,1.2,3.2,0,4.4l-9.5,9.5c-0.1,0.1-0.3,0.2-0.5,0.3l-4,1C8.2,17,8.1,17,8,17zM9.9,12.5l-0.5,2.1l2.1-0.5l9.3-9.3c0.4-0.4,0.4-1.1,0-1.6c-0.4-0.4-1.2-0.4-1.6,0l0,0L9.9,12.5z M18.5,2.5L18.5,2.5L18.5,2.5z"></path></svg> Edit this page on GitHub<!--]--><!----></a></div><div class="last-updated" data-v-cc0f9778><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-cc0f9778 data-v-de6a4e1f>Updated Date: <time datetime="2023-02-15T13:53:37.000Z" data-v-de6a4e1f></time></p></div></div><div class="prev-next" data-v-cc0f9778><div class="pager" data-v-cc0f9778><a class="pager-link prev" href="/note/JavaScriptEnhanced.html" data-v-cc0f9778><span class="desc" data-v-cc0f9778>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-cc0f9778>JavaScript进阶</span></a></div><div class="has-prev pager" data-v-cc0f9778><a class="pager-link next" href="/note/SSR.html" data-v-cc0f9778><span class="desc" data-v-cc0f9778>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-cc0f9778>服务端渲染</span></a></div></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-3af881ed data-v-8b655284><div class="container" data-v-8b655284><p class="message" data-v-8b655284>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-8b655284>Copyright © 2019-present Ziu Chen</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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