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204 lines
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204 lines
16 KiB
HTML
<article id="wikiArticle">
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<div></div>
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<p><strong>class 声明</strong>创建一个基于原型继承的具有给定名称的新类。</p>
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<p><iframe class="interactive interactive-js" frameborder="0" height="250" src="https://interactive-examples.mdn.mozilla.net/pages/js/statement-class.html" width="100%"></iframe></p>
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<div class="noinclude">
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<p>你也可以使用<a href="Reference/Operators/class" title="类表达式是用来定义类的一种语法。和函数表达式相同的一点是,类表达式可以是命名也可以是匿名的。如果是命名类表达式,这个名字只能在类体内部才能访问到。JavaScript 的类也是基于原型继承的。">类表达式</a>定义类。但是不同于类表达式,类声明不允许再次声明已经存在的类,否则将会抛出一个类型错误。</p>
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</div>
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<h2 id="语法">语法</h2>
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<pre><code class="language-javascript">class <em>name</em> [extends] {
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// class body
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}
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="描述">描述</h2>
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<p>和类表达式一样,类声明体在<a href="https://developer.mozilla.orgReference/Strict_mode">严格模式</a>下运行。构造函数是可选的。</p>
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<p>类声明不可以提升(这与<a href="https://developer.mozilla.orgReference/Statements/function">函数声明</a>不同)。</p>
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<h2 id="示例">示例</h2>
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<h3 id="声明一个类">声明一个类</h3>
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<p>在下面的例子中,我们首先定义一个名为Polygon的类,然后继承它来创建一个名为Square的类。注意,构造函数中使用的 super() 只能在构造函数中使用,并且必须在使用 this 关键字前调用。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-javascript">class Polygon {
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constructor(height, width) {
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this.name = 'Polygon';
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this.height = height;
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this.width = width;
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}
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}
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class Square extends Polygon {
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constructor(length) {
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super(length, length);
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this.name = 'Square';
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}
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}</code></pre>
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<div class="warning">
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<h3 id="重复定义类">重复定义类</h3>
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<p>重复声明一个类会引起类型错误。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-javascript">class Foo {};
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class Foo {};
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// Uncaught TypeError: Identifier 'Foo' has already been declared</code></pre>
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<p>若之前使用类表达式定义了一个类,则再次声明这个类同样会引起类型错误。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-javascript">let Foo = class {};
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class Foo {};
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// Uncaught TypeError: Identifier 'Foo' has already been declared</code></pre>
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</div>
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<h2 id="规范">规范</h2>
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<table class="standard-table">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">Specification</th>
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<th scope="col">Status</th>
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<th scope="col">Comment</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a class="external" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-class-definitions" hreflang="en" lang="en" rel="noopener">ECMAScript 2015 (6th Edition, ECMA-262)<br/><small lang="zh-CN">Class definitions</small></a></td>
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<td><span class="spec-Standard">Standard</span></td>
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<td>Initial definition.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a class="external" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/7.0/#sec-class-definitions" hreflang="en" lang="en" rel="noopener">ECMAScript 2016 (ECMA-262)<br/><small lang="zh-CN">Class definitions</small></a></td>
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<td><span class="spec-Standard">Standard</span></td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a class="external" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/8.0/#sec-class-definitions" hreflang="en" lang="en" rel="noopener">ECMAScript 2017 (ECMA-262)<br/><small lang="zh-CN">Class definitions</small></a></td>
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<td><span class="spec-Standard">Standard</span></td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a class="external" href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-class-definitions" hreflang="en" lang="en" rel="noopener">ECMAScript Latest Draft (ECMA-262)<br/><small lang="zh-CN">Class definitions</small></a></td>
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<td><span class="spec-Draft">Draft</span></td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2 id="浏览器兼容">浏览器兼容</h2>
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<div class="hidden">The compatibility table on this page is generated from structured data. If you'd like to contribute to the data, please check out <a class="external" href="https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data" rel="noopener">https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data</a> and send us a pull request.</div>
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<p></p><div class="bc-data"><a class="bc-github-link external" href="https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data" rel="noopener">Update compatibility data on GitHub</a><table class="bc-table bc-table-js"><thead><tr class="bc-platforms"><td></td><th class="bc-platform-desktop" colspan="6"><span>Desktop</span></th><th class="bc-platform-mobile" colspan="7"><span>Mobile</span></th><th class="bc-platform-server" colspan="1"><span>Server</span></th></tr><tr class="bc-browsers"><td></td><th class="bc-browser-chrome"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-chrome">Chrome</span></th><th class="bc-browser-edge"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-edge">Edge</span></th><th class="bc-browser-firefox"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-firefox">Firefox</span></th><th class="bc-browser-ie"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-ie">Internet Explorer</span></th><th class="bc-browser-opera"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-opera">Opera</span></th><th class="bc-browser-safari"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-safari">Safari</span></th><th class="bc-browser-webview_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-webview_android">Android webview</span></th><th class="bc-browser-chrome_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-chrome_android">Chrome for Android</span></th><th class="bc-browser-edge_mobile"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-edge_mobile">Edge Mobile</span></th><th class="bc-browser-firefox_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-firefox_android">Firefox for Android</span></th><th class="bc-browser-opera_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-opera_android">Opera for Android</span></th><th class="bc-browser-safari_ios"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-safari_ios">Safari on iOS</span></th><th class="bc-browser-samsunginternet_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-samsunginternet_android">Samsung Internet</span></th><th class="bc-browser-nodejs"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-nodejs">Node.js</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th scope="row"><code>class</code></th><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-chrome"><span class="bc-browser-name">Chrome</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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42</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-edge"><span class="bc-browser-name">Edge</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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Yes</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-firefox"><span class="bc-browser-name">Firefox</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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45</td><td class="bc-supports-no bc-browser-ie"><span class="bc-browser-name">IE</span><abbr class="bc-level-no only-icon" title="No support">
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<span>No support</span>
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</abbr>
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No</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-opera"><span class="bc-browser-name">Opera</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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36</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-safari"><span class="bc-browser-name">Safari</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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10.1</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-webview_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">WebView Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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42</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-chrome_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Chrome Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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42</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-edge_mobile"><span class="bc-browser-name">Edge Mobile</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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Yes</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-firefox_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Firefox Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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45</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-opera_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Opera Android</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-safari_ios"><span class="bc-browser-name">Safari iOS</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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10.1</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-samsunginternet_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Samsung Internet Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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4.0</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-nodejs"><span class="bc-browser-name">nodejs</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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6.0.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Array subclassing</th><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-chrome"><span class="bc-browser-name">Chrome</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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43</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-edge"><span class="bc-browser-name">Edge</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-firefox"><span class="bc-browser-name">Firefox</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-no bc-browser-ie"><span class="bc-browser-name">IE</span><abbr class="bc-level-no only-icon" title="No support">
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<span>No support</span>
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</abbr>
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No</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-opera"><span class="bc-browser-name">Opera</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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36</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-safari"><span class="bc-browser-name">Safari</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-webview_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">WebView Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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43</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-chrome_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Chrome Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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43</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-edge_mobile"><span class="bc-browser-name">Edge Mobile</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-firefox_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Firefox Android</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-opera_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Opera Android</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-safari_ios"><span class="bc-browser-name">Safari iOS</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-samsunginternet_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Samsung Internet Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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4.0</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-nodejs"><span class="bc-browser-name">nodejs</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Allowed in sloppy mode</th><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-chrome"><span class="bc-browser-name">Chrome</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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49</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-edge"><span class="bc-browser-name">Edge</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-firefox"><span class="bc-browser-name">Firefox</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-no bc-browser-ie"><span class="bc-browser-name">IE</span><abbr class="bc-level-no only-icon" title="No support">
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<span>No support</span>
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</abbr>
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No</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-opera"><span class="bc-browser-name">Opera</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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36</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-safari"><span class="bc-browser-name">Safari</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-webview_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">WebView Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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49</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-chrome_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Chrome Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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49</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-edge_mobile"><span class="bc-browser-name">Edge Mobile</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-firefox_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Firefox Android</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-opera_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Opera Android</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-safari_ios"><span class="bc-browser-name">Safari iOS</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-samsunginternet_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Samsung Internet Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr>
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5.0</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-nodejs"><span class="bc-browser-name">nodejs</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
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?
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</abbr></td></tr></tbody></table><section class="bc-legend" id="sect1"><h3 class="offscreen" id="Legend">Legend</h3><dl><dt><span class="bc-supports-yes bc-supports">
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<abbr class="bc-level bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
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<span>Full support</span>
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</abbr></span></dt><dd>Full support</dd><dt><span class="bc-supports-no bc-supports">
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<abbr class="bc-level bc-level-no only-icon" title="No support">
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<span>No support</span>
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</abbr></span></dt><dd>No support</dd><dt><span class="bc-supports-unknown bc-supports">
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<abbr class="bc-level bc-level-unknown only-icon" title="Compatibility unknown">
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<span>Compatibility unknown</span>
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</abbr></span></dt><dd>Compatibility unknown</dd></dl></section></div><p></p>
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<h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/function"><code>function</code> declaration</a></li>
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<li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/class"><code>class</code> expression</a></li>
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<li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes">Classes</a></li>
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</ul>
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</article> |