uTools-Manuals/docs/javascript/Reference/Classes/constructor.html

<article id="wikiArticle">
<div></div>
<p><strong> <code>constructor </code></strong>是一种用于创建和初始化<code><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/class">class</a></code>创建的对象的特殊方法。</p>
<p><iframe class="interactive interactive-js" frameborder="0" height="250" src="https://interactive-examples.mdn.mozilla.net/pages/js/classes-constructor.html" width="100%"></iframe></p>
<h2 id="语法">语法</h2>
<pre class="syntaxbox">constructor([arguments]) { ... }</pre>
<h2 id="描述">描述</h2>
<p>在一个类中只能有一个名为 “constructor” 的特殊方法。 一个类中出现多次构造函数 (<code>constructor)</code>方法将会抛出一个 <a href="Reference/Global_Objects/SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError 对象代表尝试解析语法上不合法的代码的错误。"><code>SyntaxError</code></a> 错误。</p>
<p>在一个构造方法中可以使用<code>super</code>关键字来调用一个父类的构造方法。</p>
<p>如果没有显式指定构造方法，则会添加默认的 constructor 方法。</p>
<p>如果不指定一个构造函数(constructor)方法, 则使用一个默认的构造函数(constructor)。</p>
<h2 id="示例">示例</h2>
<h3 id="使用constructor方法">使用<code>constructor</code>方法</h3>
<p>以下代码片段来自 <a class="external" href="https://github.com/GoogleChrome/samples/blob/gh-pages/classes-es6/index.html" rel="noopener">类的实例</a>（<a class="external" href="https://googlechrome.github.io/samples/classes-es6/index.html" rel="noopener">在线 demo</a>）。</p>
<pre class="brush: js">class Square extends Polygon {
    constructor(length) {
        // 在这里, 它调用了父类的构造函数, 并将 lengths 提供给 Polygon 的"width"和"height"
        super(length, length);
        // 注意: 在派生类中, 必须先调用 super() 才能使用 "this"。
        // 忽略这个，将会导致一个引用错误。
        this.name = 'Square';
    }
    get area() {
        return this.height * this.width;
    }
    set area(value) {
        // 注意：不可使用 this.area = value
        // 否则会导致循环call setter方法导致爆栈
        this._area = value;
    }
}

</pre>
<h3 id="另一个例子">另一个例子</h3>
<p>看看这个代码片段</p>
<pre class="brush: js">class Polygon {
    constructor() {
        this.name = "Polygon";
    }
}

class Square extends Polygon {
    constructor() {
        super();
    }
}

class Rectangle {}

Object.setPrototypeOf(Square.prototype, Rectangle.prototype);

console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(Square.prototype) === Polygon.prototype); //false
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(Square.prototype) === Rectangle.prototype); //true

let newInstance = new Square();
console.log(newInstance.name); //Polygon
</pre>
<p>这里，<strong>Square</strong>类的原型被改变，但是在正在创建一个新的正方形实例时，仍然调用前一个基类<strong>Polygon</strong>的构造函数。</p>
<h3 id="默认构造方法">默认构造方法</h3>
<p>如前所述，如果不指定构造方法，则使用默认构造函数。对于基类，默认构造函数是：</p>
<pre class="brush: js">constructor() {}</pre>
<p>对于派生类，默认构造函数是：</p>
<pre class="brush: js">constructor(...args) {
  super(...args);
}</pre>
<h2 id="标准">标准</h2>
<table class="standard-table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Specification</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Comment</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="external" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-static-semantics-constructormethod" hreflang="en" lang="en" rel="noopener">ECMAScript 2015 (6th Edition, ECMA-262)<br/><small lang="zh-CN">Constructor Method</small></a></td>
<td><span class="spec-Standard">Standard</span></td>
<td>Initial definition.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="external" href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-static-semantics-constructormethod" hreflang="en" lang="en" rel="noopener">ECMAScript Latest Draft (ECMA-262)<br/><small lang="zh-CN">Constructor Method</small></a></td>
<td><span class="spec-Draft">Draft</span></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="浏览器兼容">浏览器兼容</h2>
<div class="hidden">The compatibility table on this page is generated from structured data. If you'd like to contribute to the data, please check out <a class="external" href="https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data" rel="noopener">https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data</a> and send us a pull request.</div>
<p></p><div class="bc-data"><a class="bc-github-link external" href="https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data" rel="noopener">Update compatibility data on GitHub</a><table class="bc-table bc-table-js"><thead><tr class="bc-platforms"><td></td><th class="bc-platform-desktop" colspan="6"><span>Desktop</span></th><th class="bc-platform-mobile" colspan="7"><span>Mobile</span></th><th class="bc-platform-server" colspan="1"><span>Server</span></th></tr><tr class="bc-browsers"><td></td><th class="bc-browser-chrome"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-chrome">Chrome</span></th><th class="bc-browser-edge"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-edge">Edge</span></th><th class="bc-browser-firefox"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-firefox">Firefox</span></th><th class="bc-browser-ie"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-ie">Internet Explorer</span></th><th class="bc-browser-opera"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-opera">Opera</span></th><th class="bc-browser-safari"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-safari">Safari</span></th><th class="bc-browser-webview_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-webview_android">Android webview</span></th><th class="bc-browser-chrome_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-chrome_android">Chrome for Android</span></th><th class="bc-browser-edge_mobile"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-edge_mobile">Edge Mobile</span></th><th class="bc-browser-firefox_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-firefox_android">Firefox for Android</span></th><th class="bc-browser-opera_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-opera_android">Opera for Android</span></th><th class="bc-browser-safari_ios"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-safari_ios">Safari on iOS</span></th><th class="bc-browser-samsunginternet_android"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-samsunginternet_android">Samsung Internet</span></th><th class="bc-browser-nodejs"><span class="bc-head-txt-label bc-head-icon-nodejs">Node.js</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th scope="row"><code>constructor</code></th><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-chrome bc-has-history"><span class="bc-browser-name">Chrome</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              49<div class="bc-icons"><abbr class="only-icon" title="See implementation notes"><span>Notes</span><i class="ic-footnote"></i></abbr> </div><section class="bc-history" id="sect1"><dl><dt class="bc-supports-yes bc-supports"><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              49<div class="bc-icons"><abbr class="only-icon" title="See implementation notes"><span>Notes</span><i class="ic-footnote"></i></abbr> </div></dt><dd><abbr class="only-icon" title="See implementation notes"><span>Notes</span><i class="ic-footnote"></i></abbr> From Chrome 42 to 48 strict mode is required. Non-strict mode support can be enabled using the flag "Enable Experimental JavaScript".</dd></dl></section></td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-edge"><span class="bc-browser-name">Edge</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              13</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-firefox"><span class="bc-browser-name">Firefox</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              45</td><td class="bc-supports-no bc-browser-ie"><span class="bc-browser-name">IE</span><abbr class="bc-level-no only-icon" title="No support">
<span>No support</span>
</abbr>
              No</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-opera"><span class="bc-browser-name">Opera</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              36</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-safari"><span class="bc-browser-name">Safari</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              9</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-webview_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">WebView Android</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
                ?
              </abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-chrome_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Chrome Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              Yes</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-edge_mobile"><span class="bc-browser-name">Edge Mobile</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              13</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-firefox_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Firefox Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              45</td><td class="bc-supports-unknown bc-browser-opera_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Opera Android</span><abbr title="Compatibility unknown; please update this.">
                ?
              </abbr></td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-safari_ios"><span class="bc-browser-name">Safari iOS</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              9</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-samsunginternet_android"><span class="bc-browser-name">Samsung Internet Android</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              Yes</td><td class="bc-supports-yes bc-browser-nodejs bc-has-history"><span class="bc-browser-name">nodejs</span><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              6.0.0<div class="bc-icons"></div><section class="bc-history" id="sect2"><dl><dt class="bc-supports-yes bc-supports"><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              6.0.0<div class="bc-icons"></div></dt><dd></dd><dt class="bc-supports-yes bc-supports"><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              4.0.0<div class="bc-icons"><abbr class="only-icon" title="User must explicitly enable this feature."><span>Disabled</span><i class="ic-disabled"></i></abbr> </div></dt><dd><abbr class="only-icon" title="User must explicitly enable this feature."><span>Disabled</span><i class="ic-disabled"></i></abbr> From version 4.0.0: this feature is behind the <code>--use_strict</code> runtime flag.</dd><dt class="bc-supports-yes bc-supports"><abbr class="bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
</abbr>
              5.0.0<div class="bc-icons"><abbr class="only-icon" title="User must explicitly enable this feature."><span>Disabled</span><i class="ic-disabled"></i></abbr> </div></dt><dd><abbr class="only-icon" title="User must explicitly enable this feature."><span>Disabled</span><i class="ic-disabled"></i></abbr> From version 5.0.0: this feature is behind the <code>--harmony</code> runtime flag.</dd></dl></section></td></tr></tbody></table><section class="bc-legend" id="sect3"><h3 class="offscreen" id="Legend">Legend</h3><dl><dt><span class="bc-supports-yes bc-supports">
<abbr class="bc-level bc-level-yes only-icon" title="Full support">
<span>Full support</span>
                  
                </abbr></span></dt><dd>Full support</dd><dt><span class="bc-supports-no bc-supports">
<abbr class="bc-level bc-level-no only-icon" title="No support">
<span>No support</span>
                  
                </abbr></span></dt><dd>No support</dd><dt><span class="bc-supports-unknown bc-supports">
<abbr class="bc-level bc-level-unknown only-icon" title="Compatibility unknown">
<span>Compatibility unknown</span>
                  
                </abbr></span></dt><dd>Compatibility unknown</dd><dt><abbr class="only-icon" title="See implementation notes."><span>See implementation notes.</span><i class="ic-footnote"></i></abbr></dt><dd>See implementation notes.</dd><dt><abbr class="only-icon" title="User must explicitly enable this feature."><span>User must explicitly enable this feature.</span><i class="ic-disabled"></i></abbr></dt><dd>User must explicitly enable this feature.</dd></dl></section></div><p></p>
<h2 id="参阅">参阅</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/super">super()</a></li>
<li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/class"><code>class</code> expression</a></li>
<li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/class"><code>class</code> declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes">Classes</a></li>
</ul>
</article>