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https://github.com/fofolee/uTools-Manuals.git
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292 lines
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292 lines
16 KiB
HTML
<h1 id="ls">ls</h1>
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<p>显示目录内容列表</p>
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<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2>
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<p><strong>ls命令</strong> 用来显示目标列表，在Linux中是使用率较高的命令。ls命令的输出信息可以进行彩色加亮显示，以分区不同类型的文件。</p>
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<h3 id="语法">语法</h3>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">ls（选项）（参数）</code></pre>
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<h3 id="选项">选项</h3>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">
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-a, --all 不隐藏任何以. 开始的项目
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-A, --almost-all 列出除. 及.. 以外的任何项目
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--author 与-l 同时使用时列出每个文件的作者
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-b, --escape 以八进制溢出序列表示不可打印的字符
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--block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
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'--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of
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1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below
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-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
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-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
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modification of file status information);
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with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
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otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
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-C list entries by columns
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--color[=WHEN] colorize the output; WHEN can be 'never', 'auto',
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or 'always' (the default); more info below
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-d, --directory list directories themselves, not their contents
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-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
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-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
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-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
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--file-type likewise, except do not append '*'
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--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
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single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
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--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
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-g 类似-l，但不列出所有者
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--group-directories-first
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group directories before files;
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can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
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use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
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-G, --no-group 以一个长列表的形式，不输出组名
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-h, --human-readable 与-l 一起，以易于阅读的格式输出文件大小
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(例如 1K 234M 2G)
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--si 同上面类似，但是使用1000 为基底而非1024
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-H, --dereference-command-line
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follow symbolic links listed on the command line
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--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
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follow each command line symbolic link
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that points to a directory
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--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
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(overridden by -a or -A)
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--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
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none (default), slash (-p),
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file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
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-i, --inode print the index number of each file
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-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
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-k, --kibibytes default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
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-l 使用较长格式列出信息
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-L, --dereference 当显示符号链接的文件信息时，显示符号链接所指示
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的对象而并非符号链接本身的信息
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-m 所有项目以逗号分隔，并填满整行行宽
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-n, --numeric-uid-gid 类似 -l，但列出UID 及GID 号
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-N, --literal 输出未经处理的项目名称 (如不特别处理控制字符)
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-o 类似 -l，但不列出有关组的信息
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-p, --indicator-style=slash 对目录加上表示符号"/"
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-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of nongraphic characters
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--show-control-chars show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
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unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
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-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
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--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
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literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
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-r, --reverse 逆序排列
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-R, --recursive 递归显示子目录
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-s, --size 以块数形式显示每个文件分配的尺寸
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-S sort by file size
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--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
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time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
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--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
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modification time: atime or access or use (-u)
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ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
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as sort key if --sort=time
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--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
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full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT;
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FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'; if FORMAT
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is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies
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to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
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if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE
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takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
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-t sort by modification time, newest first
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-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
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-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
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with -l: show access time and sort by name;
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otherwise: sort by access time
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-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
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-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
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-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
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-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
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-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
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-1 list one file per line
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SELinux options:
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--lcontext Display security context. Enable -l. Lines
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will probably be too wide for most displays.
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-Z, --context Display security context so it fits on most
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displays. Displays only mode, user, group,
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security context and file name.
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--scontext Display only security context and file name.
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--help 显示此帮助信息并退出
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--version 显示版本信息并退出</code></pre>
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<h3 id="参数">参数</h3>
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<p>目录：指定要显示列表的目录，也可以是具体的文件。</p>
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<h3 id="实例">实例</h3>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre><code class="language-bash"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-1" data-line-number="1">$ <span class="fu">ls</span> # 仅列出当前目录可见文件</a>
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<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-2" data-line-number="2">$ <span class="fu">ls</span> -l # 列出当前目录可见文件详细信息</a>
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<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-3" data-line-number="3">$ <span class="fu">ls</span> -hl # 列出详细信息并以可读大小显示文件大小</a>
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<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-4" data-line-number="4">$ <span class="fu">ls</span> -al # 列出所有文件（包括隐藏）的详细信息</a></code></pre></div>
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<p>显示当前目录下包括影藏文件在内的所有文件列表</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost ~]# ls -a
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. anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_logout .bashrc install.log .mysql_history satools .tcshrc .vimrc
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.. .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc install.log.syslog .rnd .ssh .viminfo</code></pre>
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<p>输出长格式列表</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost ~]# ls -1
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anaconda-ks.cfg
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install.log
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install.log.syslog
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satools</code></pre>
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<p>显示文件的inode信息</p>
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<p>索引节点（index inode简称为“inode”）是Linux中一个特殊的概念，具有相同的索引节点号的两个文本本质上是同一个文件（除文件名不同外）。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost ~]# ls -i -l anaconda-ks.cfg install.log
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2345481 -rw------- 1 root root 859 Jun 11 22:49 anaconda-ks.cfg
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2345474 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13837 Jun 11 22:49 install.log</code></pre>
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<p>水平输出文件列表</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost /]# ls -m
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bin, boot, data, dev, etc, home, lib, lost+found, media, misc, mnt, opt, proc, root, sbin, selinux, srv, sys, tmp, usr, var</code></pre>
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<p>修改最后一次编辑的文件</p>
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<p>最近修改的文件显示在最上面。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost /]# ls -t
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tmp root etc dev lib boot sys proc data home bin sbin usr var lost+found media mnt opt selinux srv misc</code></pre>
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<p>显示递归文件</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost ~]# ls -R
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.:
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anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog satools
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./satools:
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black.txt freemem.sh iptables.sh lnmp.sh mysql php502_check.sh ssh_safe.sh
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</code></pre>
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<p>打印文件的UID和GID</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost /]# ls -n
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total 254
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 6 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
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drwxr-xr-x 10 0 0 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-xr-x 75 0 0 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 14 0 0 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwx------ 2 0 0 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 media
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 opt
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dr-xr-xr-x 232 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-x--- 4 0 0 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 11 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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drwxrwxrwt 3 0 0 98304 Oct 16 08:45 tmp
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drwxr-xr-x 13 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 19 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
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</code></pre>
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<p>列出文件和文件夹的详细信息</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost /]# ls -l
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total 254
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
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drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt
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dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:48 tmp
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drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
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</code></pre>
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<p>列出可读文件和文件夹详细信息</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost /]# ls -lh
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total 254K
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1.0K Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 data
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drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3.5K Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4.0K Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12K Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwx------ 2 root root 16K Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 media
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 8 2010 misc
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 opt
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dr-xr-xr-x 235 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4.0K Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12K Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 96K Oct 16 08:49 tmp
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drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 var
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</code></pre>
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<p>显示文件夹信息</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost /]# ls -ld /etc/
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 /etc/
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</code></pre>
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<p>按时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost /]# ls -lt
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total 254
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drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:53 tmp
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
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drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
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</code></pre>
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<p>按修改时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost /]# ls -ltr
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total 254
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
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drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
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drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
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drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
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drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
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dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
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drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
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drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
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drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
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drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
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drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
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drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:54 tmp
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</code></pre>
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<p>按照特殊字符对文件进行分类</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls -F
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auto/ CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf/ configure* contrib/ html/ LICENSE Makefile man/ objs/ README src/
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</code></pre>
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<p>列出文件并标记颜色分类</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">[root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls --color=auto
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auto CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf configure contrib html LICENSE Makefile man objs README src</code></pre>
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<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->
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