uTools-Manuals/docs/python/fnmatch.html

<div class="body" role="main"><div class="section" id="module-fnmatch"><h1><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-10">11.8. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-fnmatch" title="fnmatch: Unix shell style filename pattern matching."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code></a> —— Unix文件名模式的匹配</span></h1><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-11"><strong>源代码：</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.5/Lib/fnmatch.py">Lib/fnmatch.py​​</a></span></p><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-12">此模块支持Unix shell样式通配符，<em>不是</em>与正则表达式（在<a class="reference internal" href="re.html#module-re" title="re: Regular expression operations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">re</span></code></a>模块中记录）相同。</span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-13">shell样式通配符中使用的特殊字符是：</span></p><table border="1" class="docutils"><thead valign="bottom"><tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-14">模式</span></th><th class="head"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-15">含义</span></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr class="row-even"><td><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-16"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*</span></code></span></td><td><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-17">匹配一切</span></td></tr><tr class="row-odd"><td><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-18"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">?</span></code></span></td><td><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-19">匹配任何单个字符</span></td></tr><tr class="row-even"><td><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-20"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[seq]</span></code></span></td><td><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-21">匹配<em>seq</em>中的任何字符</span></td></tr><tr class="row-odd"><td><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-22"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[!seq]</span></code></span></td><td><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-23">匹配不在<em>seq</em>中的任何字符</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-24">对于字面值匹配，将元字符包裹在括号中。</span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-25">例如，<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'[?]'</span></code></span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-26">匹配字符<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>。</span></p><p id="index-2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-27">请注意，文件名分隔符（Unix上的<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></code>）是<em>而不是</em>特殊于此模块。</span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-28">有关路径名扩展（<a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a>使用<a class="reference internal" href="#module-fnmatch" title="fnmatch: Unix shell style filename pattern matching."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">fnmatch()</span></code></a>匹配路径名段），请参见模块<a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a>。</span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-29">类似地，以句点开头的文件名对于此模块不是特殊的，并且由<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*</span></code>和<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">?</span></code></span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-30">模式。</span></p><dl class="function"><dt id="fnmatch.fnmatch"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-31"> <code class="descclassname">fnmatch.</code><code class="descname">fnmatch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>filename</em>, <em>pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></span></dt><dd><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-32">测试<em>filename</em>字符串是否匹配<em>模式</em>字符串，返回<a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a>或<a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></code></a>。</span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-33">如果操作系统不区分大小写，则在执行比较之前，两个参数都将归一化为所有大小写。</span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-34"><a class="reference internal" href="#fnmatch.fnmatchcase" title="fnmatch.fnmatchcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">fnmatchcase()</span></code></a>可用于执行区分大小写的比较，无论是否为操作系统的标准。</span></p><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-35">此示例将使用扩展名<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.txt</span></code>打印当前目录中的所有文件名：</span></p><pre><code class="language-python"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">fnmatch</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>

<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">fnmatch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fnmatch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'*.txt'</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></dd></dl><dl class="function"><dt id="fnmatch.fnmatchcase"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-36"> <code class="descclassname">fnmatch.</code><code class="descname">fnmatchcase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>filename</em>, <em>pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></span></dt><dd><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-37">测试<em>filename</em>是否匹配<em>模式</em>，返回<a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a>或<a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></code></a>；比较是区分大小写的。</span></p></dd></dl><dl class="function"><dt id="fnmatch.filter"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-38"> <code class="descclassname">fnmatch.</code><code class="descname">filter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>names</em>, <em>pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></span></dt><dd><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-39">返回与<em>模式</em>匹配的<em>名称</em>列表的子集。</span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-40">它与<span class="pre"><span class="pre">名称中的<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[n</span> <span class="pre"></span> <span class="pre">n</span> <span class="pre"></span></code></span> t6&gt; if <span class="pre">fnmatch（n，</span> <span class="pre">pattern）]</span>，但实现更有效。</span></span></p></dd></dl><dl class="function"><dt id="fnmatch.translate"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-41"> <code class="descclassname">fnmatch.</code><code class="descname">translate</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></span></dt><dd><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-42">返回转换为正则表达式的shell样式<em>模式</em>。</span></p><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-43">例：</span></p><pre><code class="language-python"><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">fnmatch</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">regex</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fnmatch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">translate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'*.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">regex</span>
<span class="go">'.*\\.txt\\Z(?ms)'</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">reobj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">regex</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">reobj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foobar.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 10), match='foobar.txt'&gt;</span>
</code></pre></dd></dl><div class="admonition seealso"><p class="first admonition-title"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-44">也可以看看</span></p><dl class="last docutils"><dt><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-45">模块<a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a></span></dt><dd><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-46">Unix shell样式的路径扩展。</span></dd></dl></div></div></div>