uTools-Manuals/docs/python/allos.html

<div class="body" role="main"><div class="section" id="generic-operating-system-services"><h1><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-9">16. </span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-10">通用操作系统服务</span></h1><p><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-11">本章中描述的模块提供了（几乎）所有操作系统上可用的操作系统功能的接口，例如文件和时钟。</span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-12">接口通常在Unix或C接口之后建模，但它们在大多数其他系统上也可用。</span><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-13">这里有一个概述：</span></p><div class="toctree-wrapper compound"><ul><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-26"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html">16.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></code>  - 其他操作系统接口</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-14"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">16.1.1.文件名，命令行参数和环境变量</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-15"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-parameters">16.1.2.过程参数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-16"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-object-creation">16.1.3.文件对象创建</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-19"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-descriptor-operations">16.1.4.文件描述器操作</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-17"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">16.1.4.1.查询终端大小</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-18"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#inheritance-of-file-descriptors">16.1.4.2.文件描述器的继承</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-21"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#files-and-directories">16.1.5.文件和目录</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-20"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#linux-extended-attributes">16.1.5.1. Linux扩展属性</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-22"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-management">16.1.6.流程管理</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-23"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler">16.1.7.到调度程序的接口</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-24"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">16.1.8.其他系统信息</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-25"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-functions">16.1.9.其他功能</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-43"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html">16.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">io</span></code>  - 使用流的核心工具</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-30"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#overview">16.2.1.概述</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-27"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-i-o">16.2.1.1.文本I / O</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-28"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#binary-i-o">16.2.1.2.二进制I / O</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-29"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-i-o">16.2.1.3.原始I / O</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-32"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#high-level-module-interface">16.2.2.高级模块接口</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-31"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#in-memory-streams">16.2.2.1.内存流</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-37"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#class-hierarchy">16.2.3.类层次结构</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-33"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#i-o-base-classes">16.2.3.1. I / O基类</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-34"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-file-i-o">16.2.3.2.原始文件I / O</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-35"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#buffered-streams">16.2.3.3.缓冲流</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-36"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id1">16.2.3.4.文本I / O</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-42"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#performance">16.2.4.性能</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-38"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id2">16.2.4.1.二进制I / O</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-39"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id3">16.2.4.2.文本I / O</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-40"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#multi-threading">16.2.4.3.多线程</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-41"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#reentrancy">16.2.4.4.重入</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-44"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html">16.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></code>  - 时间存取和转换</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-93"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html">16.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code>  - 用于命令行选项，参数和子命令的解析器</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-48"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#example">16.4.1.示例</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-45"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#creating-a-parser">16.4.1.1.创建解析器</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-46"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#adding-arguments"> 16.4.1.2. 添加参数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-47"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parsing-arguments">16.4.1.3.解析参数</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-61"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argumentparser-objects">16.4.2. ArgumentParser对象</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-49"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#prog">16.4.2.1. prog</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-50"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#usage">16.4.2.2. usage</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-51"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#description">16.4.2.3. description</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-52"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#epilog">16.4.2.4. epilog</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-53"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parents">16.4.2.5. parents</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-54"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#formatter-class">16.4.2.6. formatter_class</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-55"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#prefix-chars">16.4.2.7. prefix_chars</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-56"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars">16.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-57"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-default">16.4.2.9. argument_default</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-58"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#allow-abbrev">16.4.2.10. allow_abbrev</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-59"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#conflict-handler">16.4.2.11. conflict_handler</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-60"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#add-help">16.4.2.12. add_help</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-74"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">16.4.3. add_argument()方法</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-62"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#name-or-flags">16.4.3.1.名称或标志</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-63"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#action">16.4.3.2.动作</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-64"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#nargs">16.4.3.3. nargs</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-65"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#const">16.4.3.4. const</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-66"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#default">16.4.3.5.默认</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-67"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#type">16.4.3.6.类型</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-68"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#choices">16.4.3.7.选项</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-69"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#required">16.4.3.8.必需</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-70"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#help">16.4.3.9. help</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-71"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#metavar">16.4.3.10. metavar</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-72"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#dest">16.4.3.11. dest</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-73"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#action-classes">16.4.3.12. Action类</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-81"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-parse-args-method">16.4.4. parse_args()方法</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-75"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#option-value-syntax">16.4.4.1.选项值语法</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-76"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#invalid-arguments">16.4.4.2.参数无效</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-77"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#arguments-containing">16.4.4.3.包含<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></code></a>的参数</span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-78"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">16.4.4.4.参数缩写（前缀匹配）</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-79"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv">16.4.4.5.超越<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code></a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-80"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-namespace-object">16.4.4.6.命名空间对象</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-91"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#other-utilities">16.4.5.其他实用程序</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-82"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#sub-commands">16.4.5.1.子命令</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-83"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#filetype-objects">16.4.5.2. FileType对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-84"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-groups">16.4.5.3.参数组</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-85"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#mutual-exclusion">16.4.5.4.互斥</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-86"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parser-defaults">16.4.5.5.解析器默认值</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-87"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#printing-help">16.4.5.6.打印帮助</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-88"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#partial-parsing">16.4.5.7.部分解析</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-89"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing">16.4.5.8.自定义文件解析</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-90"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#exiting-methods">16.4.5.9.退出方法</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-92"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code">16.4.6.升级optparse代码</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-94"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html">16.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code>  - 命令行选项的C样式解析器</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-107"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html">16.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging</span></code>  -  Python日志记录工具</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-95"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logger-objects">16.6.1.记录器对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-96"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging-levels">16.6.2.日志级别</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-97"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#handler-objects">16.6.3.处理程序对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-98"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#formatter-objects">16.6.4.格式化程序对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-99"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#filter-objects">16.6.5.过滤器对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-100"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-objects"> 16.6.6.  LogRecord对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-101"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-attributes">16.6.7. LogRecord属性</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-102"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">16.6.8. LoggerAdapter对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-103"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#thread-safety">16.6.9.螺纹安全</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-104"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-functions">16.6.10.模块级函数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-105"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-attributes">16.6.11.模块级属性</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-106"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">16.6.12.与警告模块集成</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-118"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html">16.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code>  - 记录配置</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-108"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-functions">16.7.1.配置功能</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-116"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">16.7.2.配置字典模式</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-109"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">16.7.2.1.字典架构详细信息</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-110"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">16.7.2.2.增量配置</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-111"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#object-connections">16.7.2.3.对象连接</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-112"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">16.7.2.4.用户定义的对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-113"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">16.7.2.5.访问外部对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-114"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">16.7.2.6.访问内部对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-115"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">16.7.2.7.导入分辨率和自定义导入器</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-117"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">16.7.3.配置文件格式</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-135"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html">16.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code>  - 记录处理程序</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-119"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#streamhandler"> 16.8.1.  StreamHandler中 T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-120"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#filehandler"> 16.8.2. 的FileHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-121"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nullhandler"> 16.8.3.  NullHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-122"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler"> 16.8.4.  WatchedFileHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-123"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler"> 16.8.5.  BaseRotatingHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-124"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler"> 16.8.6.  RotatingFileHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-125"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler"> 16.8.7.  TimedRotatingFileHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-126"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sockethandler"> 16.8.8. 的SocketHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-127"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler"> 16.8.9.  DatagramHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-128"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler"> 10年8月16日。 SysLogHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-129"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler"> 16.8.11.  NTEventLogHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-130"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#smtphandler"> 12年8月16日。 SMTPHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-131"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler"> 13年8月16日。 MemoryHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-132"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#httphandler"> 14年8月16日。 HttpHandler的 T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-133"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuehandler"> 15年8月16日。 QueueHandler  T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-134"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuelistener"> 16年8月16日。 QueueListener  T0&gt;</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-136"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html">16.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code>  - 便携式密码输入</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-140"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html">16.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses</span></code>  - 字符单元显示的终端处理</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-137"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#functions">16.10.1.函数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-138"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#window-objects">16.10.2.窗口对象</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-139"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#constants">16.10.3.常数</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-142"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad">16.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code>  -  curses程序的文本输入小部件</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-141"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#textbox-objects">16.11.1.文本框对象</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-143"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html">16.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code>  -  ASCII字符的实用工具</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-146"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html">16.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code>  -  curses的面板集扩展</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-144"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html#functions">16.13.1.函数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-145"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html#panel-objects">16.13.2.面板对象</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-153"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html">16.14. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">platform</span></code>  - 访问底层平台的识别数据</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-147"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#cross-platform">16.14.1.跨平台</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-148"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#java-platform"> 16.14.2.  Java平台</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-150"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#windows-platform">16.14.3. Windows平台</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-149"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#win95-98-specific">16.14.3.1. Win95 / 98特定</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-151"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#mac-os-platform"> 16.14.4.  Mac OS平台</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-152"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#unix-platforms">16.14.5. Unix平台</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-154"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html">16.15. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">errno</span></code>  - 标准errno系统符号</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l1"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-186"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html">16.16. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code>  -  Python的外部函数库</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-175"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">16.16.1. ctypes教程</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-155"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries">16.16.1.1.加载动态链接库</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-156"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls">16.16.1.2.从加载的dll访问函数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-157"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions">16.16.1.3.调用函数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-158"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types">16.16.1.4.基本数据类型</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-159"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued">16.16.1.5.调用函数，继续 T0&gt;</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-160"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">16.16.1.6.使用您自己的自定义数据类型调用函数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-161"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">16.16.1.7.指定所需的参数类型（函数原型）</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-162"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#return-types">16.16.1.8.返回类型</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-163"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">16.16.1.9.传递指针（或：通过引用传递参数）</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-164"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structures-and-unions">16.16.1.10.结构和联合</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-165"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order">16.16.1.11.结构/ union对齐和字节顺序</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-166"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">16.16.1.12.结构和联合中的位字段</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-167"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#arrays">16.16.1.13.数组</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-168"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#pointers">16.16.1.14.指针</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-169"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#type-conversions">16.16.1.15.类型转换</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-170"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#incomplete-types">16.16.1.16.不完整类型</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-171"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#callback-functions">16.16.1.17.回调函数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-172"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">16.16.1.18.访问从dlls导出的值</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-173"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#surprises">16.16.1.19.惊喜</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-174"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types">16.16.1.20.可变大小的数据类型</a></span></li></ul></li><li class="toctree-l2"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-185"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-reference"> 16.16.2.  ctypes参考</a></span><ul><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-176"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries">16.16.2.1.查找共享库</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-177"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries">16.16.2.2.正在加载共享库</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-178"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#foreign-functions">16.16.2.3.外部函数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-179"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#function-prototypes">16.16.2.4.函数原型</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-180"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#utility-functions">16.16.2.5.效用函数</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-181"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#data-types">16.16.2.6.数据类型</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-182"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">16.16.2.7.基本数据类型</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-183"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structured-data-types">16.16.2.8.结构化数据类型</a></span></li><li class="toctree-l3"><span class="yiyi-st" id="yiyi-184"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers">16.16.2.9.数组和指针</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div>